Unit 3: Development and Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Long-lasting knowledge or change in behavior due to experience

Question 2

Associative learning

Answer 2

Learning that mixes multiple events together

Question 3

Who founded classical conditioning?

Answer 3

Pavlov

Question 4

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 4

Stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers response (meat)

Question 5

Unconditioned Response

Answer 5

unlearned, natural response to the unconditioned stimulus (salivating)

Question 6

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 6

Irrelevent stimulus that can trigger a response when paried with a unconditioned stimulus (bell)

Question 7

Conditioned response

Answer 7

The learned response to the previously neutral stimulus (salivating)

Question 8

Acquisition

Answer 8

The initial stage of learning in classical conditioning

Question 9

Extinction

Answer 9

Diminishing of a conditioned response

Question 10

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 10

Reappearence of an extinct conditioned response after no exposure to the conditioned stimulus

Question 11

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 11

Organisms has naturally learned a response to a specific stimuli and won’t response to slightly different stimuli.

Question 12

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 12

Orgamism responding in the same way to specific stimulus as it does to a new stimulus

Question 13

One-trial learning

Answer 13

Conditioned response occurs immediately after the conditioned stimulus is presented and only takes one trial for the learning to occur.

Question 14

Second-order conditioning

Answer 14

Conditioning by association with other things (door –> can opener = salivation)

Question 15

Shaping

Answer 15

Operant conditioning which reinforces behavior towards target through approximations.

Question 16

Primary reinforcer

Answer 16

Food or drink (innately reinforcing)

Question 17

Secondary/conditioned reinforcer

Answer 17

Learned reinforcer that gets power from associations from primary reinforcer

Question 18

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 18

Reinforces the desired response each time

Question 19

Partial reinforcement

Answer 19

Reinforces only part of the time. Slower acquisition but greater resistance to extinction

Question 20

Fixed-ratio

Answer 20

The same amount is needed for reward each time. (High and stable performance)

Question 21

Variable ratio

Answer 21

You don’t know when the reward will come each time (very high performance)

Question 22

FIxed-interval schedule

Answer 22

reinforces response only after a specific time (weekly pay) (average and irregular performance)

Question 23

Variable interval schedule

Answer 23

Unpredictable time intervals for reinforcement (moderately high and stable performance)

Question 24

Positive reinforcement

Answer 24

good behavior –> add something good (extra screen time for good behavior)

Question 25

Positive punishment

Answer 25

bad behvaior --> add something bad (New rule for bad behavior)

Question 26

Negative reinforcement

Answer 26

Bad behavior --> take away something bad (lift rule after they clean their room)

Question 27

Negative punishment

Answer 27

Bad behavior --> take away something good (no ice cream after bad behavior)

Question 28

Learned helplessness

Answer 28

Punished for something you didn't know was bad

Question 29

Social learning / observaitonal learning

Answer 29

Observational learning based off of others and their actions.

Question 30

Modelling

Answer 30

Behavior of others increases the chances that we will do the same.

Question 31

Bandura

Answer 31

Bobo doll experiment

Question 32

Bandura's social cognitive theory

Answer 32

Behavior + environmental facotrs + personal factors = behavior chocies

Question 33

Latent learning

Answer 33

Learning without knowledge explicitly being expressed

Question 34

Token economy

Answer 34

Behavioral modification system that is based on people being rewarded with fake money / items

Question 35

Habituation

Answer 35

Tendency to become familiar with a stimulus over repeated exposure.

Question 36

Operant conditioning

Answer 36

learning through the consequences of behavior

Question 37

Teratogens

Answer 37

Chemicals or other that are risky for fetus

Question 38

Maturation

Answer 38

Biological growth process that enables orderly changes in behavior

Question 39

Ecological systems

Answer 39

Microsystem --> Mesosystem --> exosystem --> macrosystem --> chronosystem

Question 40

Microsystem

Answer 40

Immediate environment with daily interactions

Question 41

Mesosystem

Answer 41

Interactions between microsystems

Question 42

Exosystem

Answer 42

environment with out direct involvement that impacts you

Question 43

Macrosystem

Answer 43

Societal and cultural influences

Question 44

Chronosystem

Answer 44

life stage and historical events

Question 45

Secure attachment style

Answer 45

Can trust fairly easily, attuned to emotions, communicate upsets directly, leads with copperative and flexible behavior.

Question 46

Anxious attachment styles

Answer 46

Sensitive nervous system. Struggles to communicate. Acts out when triggered.

Question 47

Avoidant - dismissive attachment style

Answer 47

Downplays the importance of relationships. Self-reliant

Question 48

Avoidant - fearful attachment style

Answer 48

Very dependent. Fears rejection. Low self-esteem

Question 49

Piaget stage 1 - Sensorimotor

Answer 49

Birth - 2 years. Infants observe world. Object permanence grows

Question 50

Preoperational stage Piaget 2

Answer 50

Until 6-7. Language skills developed. Coservation of liquid is key skill

Question 51

Piaget stage 3 - Concreate Operational

Answer 51

6-7 -- 12. Grasp of conservaton. More complex problem solving

Question 52

Piaget stage 4 - formal operatoinal

Answer 52

Personal fable occurs. Around age 12. Solving things and thinking abstractly.

Question 53

Personal development stage 1 - Trust vs. Mistrust

Answer 53

Birth - 18 month. Sense of trust given to caregiver

Question 54

Personal development stage 2 - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Answer 54

18 months - 3. Doing some things (dressing, etc) by themselves

Question 55

Personal development stage 3 - initiative vs. guilt

Answer 55

3-6. Starts to take responsibility.

Question 56

Personal development stage 4 - Industry vs. inferiority

Answer 56

6-12. Attendance at school.

Question 57

Personal development stage 5 - Idenity vs. role confusion

Answer 57

12-18. Establishing peer relationships and who you are.

Question 58

Personal development stage 6 - Intimacy vs isolation

Answer 58

19-40. Love relationships.

Question 59

Personal development stage 7- Generativity vs. stagnatin

Answer 59

40-65 Parenting is most important event.

Question 60

Personal development stage 8 - Ego integrity vs. Despair

Answer 60

65 years - death. Acceptance of one's life.