Unit 2: Cognition

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

The mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension

Question 2

Prototype

Answer 2

Best representation of a concept (dog is prototype of 4 leged animals)

Question 3

thinking

Answer 3

Representing information mentally. Through images and symbols. It is a conscious attempt to make sense of things.

Question 4

Schema

Answer 4

Concepts or mental models of what something is or should be

Question 5

Assimilation

Answer 5

Interpreting new experiences or information in terms of current understandings

Question 6

Accommodation

Answer 6

Modifying schemas to make them more accurate.

Question 7

Deductive reasoning

Answer 7

Idea –> Observation –> conclusion

Question 8

Inductive reasoning

Answer 8

Observation –> analysis –> theory

Question 9

Meta cognition

Answer 9

Thinking about thinking. Awareness of own thought processes

Question 10

Convergent thinking

Answer 10

Linear thinking (worksheets)

Question 11

Divergent thinking

Answer 11

Creativity (projects)

Question 12

Functional fixedness

Answer 12

Thinking of things in terms of their usual uses

Question 13

Framing effect

Answer 13

Way information is presented affects our choices.

Question 14

Priming

Answer 14

Specific information is more likely to be retrieved when something similar is shown first

Question 15

Heuristics

Answer 15

Rule of thumb strategies to solve problems and make judgements

Question 16

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 16

Judging the likelihood of things or objects in terms of how well they seem to represent or match a particular prototype (slim, short man wearing glasses and likes poetry is more likely to be an Ivy League professor or a truck driver.

Question 17

Avaliability heuristic

Answer 17

We think things that we see are more likely to happen (shark attacks b/c we see them on TV)

Question 18

Intelligence

Answer 18

Ability to learn from experience, solve problems and use our knowledge to adapt

Question 19

Sir Francis Galton

Answer 19

Cousin of Darwqin. Attempted to apply Darwin’s ideas to human abilities

Question 20

Alfreed Binet

Answer 20

Attempting to use questions to predict children’s future progress

Question 21

William Stern

Answer 21

Created IQ testing

Question 22

General intelligence

Answer 22

Intelligence that is liked to many different skills

Question 23

Factor analysis approach

Answer 23

Researchers look at different skills and link them to one of a number of factors

Question 24

Contemporary intelligence theories

Answer 24

Psychologies extend definition of intelligence past academics and into multiple categories

Question 25

Savant syndrome

Answer 25

People score badly on intelligence tests, but have exceptional specific skill

Question 26

Emotional intelligence

Answer 26

Ability to perceive understand and use emotion

Question 27

Fluid intelligence

Answer 27

Inherited intelligence (reasoning and problems solving abilities)

Question 28

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 28

Specific knowledge and skills gained through experience

Question 29

Flynn effect

Answer 29

Intelligence rising

Question 30

Language

Answer 30

Spoken, written or gestured works and the way they combine

Question 31

Phoneme

Answer 31

Smallest distinctive sound unit

Question 32

Morpheme

Answer 32

The smallest unit that carries meaning

Question 33

Grammar

Answer 33

System of rules for a language

Question 34

Semantics

Answer 34

Set of rules that meaning is derived from a language

Question 35

Syntax

Answer 35

Rules for combining words into grammatically sensible ordered sequenced sentences

Question 36

Language acquisition

Answer 36

Ability to gain knowledge of a language

Question 37

Babbling stage

Answer 37

3-4 months. Infant talks in random sounds

Question 38

One-word stage

Answer 38

1-2 years. Speech development during which a child speaks with single wrods

Question 39

Two word stage

Answer 39

2-. Speaks mostly w/ 2 words

Question 40

Telegraphic speech

Answer 40

Early speech in which the child speaks like a telegram using nouns and verbs and nothing else

Question 41

Linguistic relativity

Answer 41

The idea that language determines the way we think

Question 42

Recall vs. recognition

Answer 42

Retrieving information vs identifying information (frq vs mcq)

Question 43

Sensory memory

Answer 43

Stores stimuli that register on the senses better (lasts up to 3 seconds)

Question 44

Short term memory

Answer 44

= working memory. Attention is the key

Question 45

Long-term memory

Answer 45

Short term memory that is encoded

Question 46

Serial positioning effect

Answer 46

First and last to best

Question 47

explicit vs implicit long term memory

Answer 47

Declarative memory vs non-declarative memory (declarative vs procedural)

Question 48

Memory consolidation

Answer 48

Communications to better memory through the hippocampus, amygdala and cerebellum

Question 49

State-dependent memory

Answer 49

Memories in which information is more easily remembered when you are in the same state as when the memory was encoded.

Question 50

Context dependent memory

Answer 50

More successful at retrieving memories if we are in the same environment in which we stored them

Question 51

Reasons for forgetting

Answer 51

Lack of encoding (don't remember b/c not necessary) or decay (material leaves or recedes and disappears)

Question 52

Proactive interference

Answer 52

Old memories interfere with ability to remember new memories

Question 53

Retroactive interference

Answer 53

New memories interfere with ability to remember old memories

Question 54

Long term potentiation

Answer 54

Synaptic connections get stronger with use over time

Question 55

Amnesia

Answer 55

forgetting

Question 56

Infantile amnesia

Answer 56

Inability to remember anything from the first few years of life

Question 57

Source amnesia

Answer 57

Impaired memory for how when or where information was learned

Question 58

Alzheimer's disease

Answer 58

Short-term memory loss, difficulty finding words and trouble planning