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APPsych > Unit 1: Biological basis of behavior > Flashcards

Unit 1: Biological basis of behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Genetic predisposition

A

Increased change of certain outcome because of genes

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2
Q

Neurons

A

Individual Nerve cells

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

Rootlike bits of neurons that make connections with other neurons. Where charge is fired into

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4
Q

Axon

A

wirelike structure that extends from cell body. Where charge comes from

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5
Q

Synapse

A

Gap between dendrites and axon of different neurons.

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6
Q

Action potential

A

Firing of neurons

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7
Q

All or none principle

A

Neuron either completely fires or doesn’t at all

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8
Q

Dopamine

A

Motor movement and alertness. Lack is assocaited with parkinson’s disease. Too much is associated with Schizoprenia

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9
Q

Serotonin

A

Mood Control. Lack is associated with depression

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10
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Alertness, arousal. Lack is associated with depression

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11
Q

Glutamate

A

Excitatory. Involved in memory. Triggers migraines, seizures.

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12
Q

GABA

A

Inhibatory neurotransitter. Can cause sleep problems.

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13
Q

Endorphins

A

Pain control. Involved in addictions.

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14
Q

Substance P

A

Pain perception. Lack is associated with lack of pain perception

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15
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Is a neurotransmitter. Motor movement. Lack is associated with Alzheimer’s disease

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16
Q

Interneurons

A

Take messages and send them elsewhere. Communication between sensory and motor neurons.

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16
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Take information from senses to brain

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17
Q

Motor neurons

A

From brain to rest of body.

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18
Q

Somatic vs. autonomic nervous system

A

Somatic = voluntary muscle movements.

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19
Q

Endocrine System

A

Hormone system

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20
Q

Adrenaline

A

Activated during fight of flight

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21
Q

Leptin

A

Weight regulation (supresses hunger)

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22
Q

Ghrelin

A

Motivates eating and increases hunger

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23
Q

Melatonin

A

Triggers sleep and wakefulness responses in brain

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24
Q

Oxytocin

A

Promotes good feelings such as trust and bonding

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25
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Produce adrenaline

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26
Q

Lesions

A

Removal of part of the brain

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27
Q

EEG (electroencephalogram)

A

Detects brain waves. Nodes on brain. Used widely in sleep

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28
Q

CAT / CT scan.

A

X ray to create 3d image of brain.

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29
Q

PET

A

Measures brain activity during certain tasks. Does this through measuring glucose use.

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30
Q

fMRI

A

MRI and PET scans together. Shows activity and structure of brain

31
Q

Hindbrain

A

Located on top of the spinal cord. Life support system. Reptilian brain.

32
Q

Medulla.

A

Blood pressure + HR + breathing. Located above spinal cord.

33
Q

Pons

A

Facial expressions. Connects hindbrain with midbrain and forebrain.

34
Q

Cerebellum

A

Smaller version of brain on underside. Little brain. Habitual muscle movements

35
Q

Reticular formaiton

A

Collection of cells in midbrain that controls body arousal and attention.

36
Q

Thalamus

A

On top of brain stem. Receving sensory signals.

37
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Body temp, sexual arousal, hunger, thirst and endocrine system.

38
Q

Amygdala and Hippocampus

39
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Higher level processing.

40
Q

Frontal lobes

A

AKA prefrontal cortex. Central executive function. Important in prediction and goals.

41
Q

Broca’s area

A

Muscles involved in speech.

42
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Language processing

43
Q

Parietal lobes

A

Sensory processing

44
Q

Occipatal lobes.

A

Visual cortex

45
Q

Temporal lobes

A

Linguistic processing

46
Q

Priming

A

People respond better to questions they have seen before, even if they don’t remember them.

47
Q

Agonists (drugs)

A

Drugs that mimic neurotransmitters

48
Q

Antagonists

A

Drugs that block neurotransmitters

49
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

24-hour internal clock

50
Q

REM sleep

A

Muscles twitch and eyes move rapidly.

51
Q

Insomnia

A

Problems getting to sleep very often.

52
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Intense sleepyness. May fall asleep unpredictably

53
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Stop breathing for short periods of time when asleep.

54
Q

Somnambulism

A

Sleepwalking

55
Q

Activation synthesis dream theory

A

Dreams are stories made up by our mind during REM sleep. Processing impulses so that they make sense.

56
Q

Consolidation theory

A

Dreams function to help us encode into long term memory

57
Q

Transduction

A

Signals of senses are transitioned into neural impulses

58
Q

Synesthesia

A

Activation of one sense goes with another (color and sight)

59
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Inability to recognise faces

60
Q

What is the frequency of light waves responsible for?

61
Q

What is the amplitude of light waves responsible for?

62
Q

Transduction (eye)

A

Incoming light signals into neural signals

63
Q

cones and rods

A

Cells in retina that detect color and B&W, respectivly.

64
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Optic nerve. Activated if enough cones and rods fire.

65
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

Three colors come together to give us color vision

66
Q

Opponent process theory

A

Sensory receptions come in pairs (red / green) etc. The pair isn’t fired if you see a certain color. Therefore, you see the opposite after the color you are seeing fatiues.

67
Q

What does amplitude determine in hearing

68
Q

What does frequency of the waves refer to in hearing

69
Q

First part of the ear sound waves reach

70
Q

What is the eardrum attached to?

A

Hammer, anvil, stirrup

71
Q

Where is the three small bones connected to

A

From three small bones, oval window is connected to cochlea

72
Q

Basilar membrane

A

In the cochlea. Hair cells in liquid. They produce sound impulses when the hair cells move.

73
Q

Place sound theory

A

Cells in the cochlea respond to different frequencies of sound based on where they are located.

74
Q

Frequency sound theory

A

Lower tones are because of the rate at which these cells fire. Otherwise place sound theory is correct.

75
Q

Supertasters

A

Individuals that can taste what others can’t

76
Q

What is different in the sense of smell

A

Smell goes directly fo the amygdala and the hippocampus.

APPsych (4 decks)

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