Unit 3: Development and Learning Flashcards
lifespan development
the study of psychological and behavioral change across and within individuals from birth through death using a lifespan perspective. Such an approach assumes that human developmental processes are complex, interactive, and fully understood only in the context of influencing events
stability
the degree to which a person maintains the same rank order with respect to a particular characteristic (e.g., intelligence test performance) over time in comparison with peers
nature-nurture issue
the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science views traits and behaviors as arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.
teratogens
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
fine motor coordination
describing activities or skills that require coordination of small muscles to control small, precise movements, particularly in the hands and face
gross motor coordination
describing activities or skills that use large muscles to move the trunk or limbs and control posture to maintain balance. Examples of gross motor skills include waving an arm, walking, hopping, and running
maturation
biological growth processes that enable orderly change in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
reflexes
a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response
rooting reflex
an automatic, unlearned response of a newborn to a gentle stimulus (e.g., the touch of a finger) applied to the corner of the mouth or to the cheek, in which the infant turns their head and makes sucking motions
visual cliff
a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
critical period
an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development
sensitive period
a stage in development when an organism can most rapidly acquire a particular skill or characteristic. For example, in humans, the 1st year of life is considered significant for the development of a secure attachment bond. Lack of appropriate growth-dependent experiences during a sensitive period does not permanently and irreversibly affect development, as it would during a critical period, but rather makes the acquisition process outside the period more difficult
imprinting
the process by which certain animals for strong attachments during early life
growth spurt
any period of accelerated physical development, especially the pubescent growth spurt
puberty
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person usually becomes capable of reproducing
primary sex characteristics
the body structures (ovaries, testes, external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible