Unit 3: Development and Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

lifespan development

A

the study of psychological and behavioral change across and within individuals from birth through death using a lifespan perspective. Such an approach assumes that human developmental processes are complex, interactive, and fully understood only in the context of influencing events

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2
Q

stability

A

the degree to which a person maintains the same rank order with respect to a particular characteristic (e.g., intelligence test performance) over time in comparison with peers

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3
Q

nature-nurture issue

A

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science views traits and behaviors as arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.

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4
Q

teratogens

A

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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5
Q

fine motor coordination

A

describing activities or skills that require coordination of small muscles to control small, precise movements, particularly in the hands and face

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6
Q

gross motor coordination

A

describing activities or skills that use large muscles to move the trunk or limbs and control posture to maintain balance. Examples of gross motor skills include waving an arm, walking, hopping, and running

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7
Q

maturation

A

biological growth processes that enable orderly change in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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8
Q

reflexes

A

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response

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9
Q

rooting reflex

A

an automatic, unlearned response of a newborn to a gentle stimulus (e.g., the touch of a finger) applied to the corner of the mouth or to the cheek, in which the infant turns their head and makes sucking motions

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10
Q

visual cliff

A

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

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11
Q

critical period

A

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

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12
Q

sensitive period

A

a stage in development when an organism can most rapidly acquire a particular skill or characteristic. For example, in humans, the 1st year of life is considered significant for the development of a secure attachment bond. Lack of appropriate growth-dependent experiences during a sensitive period does not permanently and irreversibly affect development, as it would during a critical period, but rather makes the acquisition process outside the period more difficult

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13
Q

imprinting

A

the process by which certain animals for strong attachments during early life

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14
Q

growth spurt

A

any period of accelerated physical development, especially the pubescent growth spurt

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15
Q

puberty

A

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person usually becomes capable of reproducing

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16
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

the body structures (ovaries, testes, external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

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17
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

18
Q

menarche

A

the first menstrual period

19
Q

spermarche

A

the first ejaculation

20
Q

menopause

A

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

21
Q

schema

A

a framework or concept that organizes and interprets information

22
Q

assimilation

A

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our current schemas

23
Q

accommodation

A

adapting our current schemas to incorporate new information

24
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) at which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

25
Q

object permanence

A

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

26
Q

preoperational stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) at which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

27
Q

pretend play

A

pretend or make-believe play that includes an as-if orientation to actions, objects, and peers. It often involves playing a distinct role, such as mother, teacher, or doctor. Fantasy play also involves taking a stance that is different from reality and using a mental representation of a situation as part of an enactment

28
Q

conservation

A

the principles (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the form of objects

29
Q

reversibility

A

a mental operation that reverses a sequence of events or restores a changed state of affairs to the original condition

30
Q

animism

A

the belief that natural phenomena or inanimate objects are alive or possess lifelike characteristics, such as intentions, desires, and feelings

31
Q

egocentrism

A

in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

32
Q

theory of mind

A

people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors those might predict

33
Q

concrete operational stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years old) at which children can predict the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete (actual, physical) events

34
Q

formal operational stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning at age 12) at which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

35
Q

abstract thinking

A

thinking characterized by the use of general ideas or concepts.

36
Q

concrete (systematic) thinking

A

thinking focused on immediate experiences and specific objects or events. It is characteristic of young children and may also be seen in people with schizophrenia and people who have suffered a brain injury, especially frontal lobe damage

37
Q

scaffolding

A

in Vygotsky’s theory, a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

38
Q

zone of proximal development

A

the difference between a child’s actual level of ability and the level of ability that they can achieve when assisted by, or working in cooperation with, older or more experienced partners

39
Q

crystallized intelligence (Gc)

A

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

40
Q

fluid intelligence (Gf)

A

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age, especially during late adulthood

41
Q
A