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AP Human Geography > Unit 3 - Cultural Patterns & Processes > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Cultural Patterns & Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

All of a group’s learned behaviors, actions, beliefs and objects

A

Culture

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2
Q

The visible and invisible elements of culture

A

Culture traits

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3
Q

A series of interrelated traits such as the process of steps and acceptable behaviors related to greeting a person in different cultures

A

Culture complex

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4
Q

The area in which a unique culture or specific trait develops

A

Culture hearth

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5
Q

Spread of culture to other places

A

Diffuse

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6
Q

Behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture

A

Taboos

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7
Q

Culture that encompasses multiple cultural designations, functions to pass down long held beliefs, values, and practices and are generally resistant to rapid change.

A

Traditional Culture

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8
Q

Culture that includes the beliefs and practices of small, homogeneous groups of people, often living in rural areas that are relatively isolated and slow to change.

A

Folk Culture

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9
Q

Culture that includes members of an ethnic group that reside in their ancestral lands, and typically possess unique culture traits.

A

Indigenous Culture

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10
Q

Refers to the increased integration of the world economy sine the 1970’s.

A

Globalization

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11
Q

Culture that involves the rapid spread of culture traits over a large area and is adopted by various groups.

A

Popular Culture

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12
Q

Culture that is worldwide

A

Global Culture

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13
Q

Also known as the built environment, it is the modification of the environment by a group and is a visible reflection of that group’s cultural beliefs and values.

A

Cultural Landscape

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14
Q

The ways people organize their society and relate to one another.

A

Socio facts

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15
Q

Why do geographers study culture?

A

Cultural geography can be seen as a fundamental part of human geography. This is because, if we want to understand a human society, we naturally must first ask what ethnicity or ethnicities it includes, what languages are spoken, and what religions are practiced.

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16
Q

How is culture a visible force?

A

It is a visible force seen in a group’s actions, possessions, and influence on the landscape
Ex. - Visible cultural elements include artefacts, symbols, and practices such as: art and architecture; language, colour, and dress; social etiquette and traditions

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17
Q

How is culture an invisible force?

A

Invisible culture is defined as the intangible parts of a culture. Examples of types of invisible culture are belief systems, values and unspoken norms. Ideas in a culture about gender, the underlying religious beliefs that influence society and what is most important (family, freedom, money, etc.)

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18
Q

What are 3 ways that individuals learn culture?

A

imitative learning
instructed learning
collaborative

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19
Q

What is an example of people that still practice fold culture?

A

Tribes in the AmazonE

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20
Q

What is an example of a people that still maintain an indigenous culture?

A

Native Americans

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21
Q

What impact has advancements in transportation and communication had on culture?

A

It has made it easier to spread

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22
Q

What country’s culture is intertwined with globalization?

A

U.S.A

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23
Q

What is the typical pattern of diffusion of popular culture?

A

popular culture is more likely to be invented and diffuse rapidly with the use of modern communications

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24
Q

How do older generations attempt to resist popular culture?

A

By preserving traditional languages, cultures, food and religions.

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25
Q

What is horizontal diversity? What type of culture exhibits it?

A

It refers to the variety of cultures, languages, and traditions within a country rather that between countries.

India is a prime example with significant horizontal diversity due to its multitude of languages, religions, cuisines and cultural practices across different regions.

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26
Q

What is one example of a recent clash between popular and traditional cultures?

A

Expansion into the interior of the Amazon Rainforest

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27
Q

What is vertical diversity?
What type of culture exhibits it?

A

refers to the differences in how people are treated based on things like how much money they have, their education, or their social status.

In places, like Brazil, where there’s a big gap between rich and poor, or where certain groups have more power and opportunities than others, you can see vertical diversity in action.

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28
Q
A
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29
Q

What are some examples of cultural artifacts?

A

Art, clothing, food, music, sports, housing types

Tools, pottery, metal objects, weapons, jewelry, books, instruments, figurines, coins. Bones, wheat seeds, teeth, antlers, DNA preserved in sap. Hearths, remains of a wall, remains of a well, remains of a campfire, Middens (Trash Deposits), trees with markings.

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29
Q

What are some examples of cultural mentifacts?

A

Beliefs, values, practices

abstract concepts, or “things in the head;” i.e., the shared ideas, values, and beliefs of a culture. This can include religion, language, and ideas.

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29
Q

What are some examples of cultural sociofacts?

A

How people organize their society

the structures and organizations of a culture which influence social behavior. Sociofacts include families, governments, education systems, sports organizations, religious groups, and any other grouping designed for specific activities.

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30
Q

Phenomenon in which many modern cultural landscapes exhibit a great deal of homogeneity

A

Placelessness

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31
Q

The visible reflection of a culture; also known as the built environment

A

Cultural Landscape

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32
Q

The physical artifacts that humans have created and that form part of the landscape

A

Built Envirnoment

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33
Q

Reflects a local culture’s history, beliefs, values, and community adaptations to the environment, and typically utilizes locally available materials.

A

Traditional architecture

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34
Q

Developed after the 1960’s , it is a movement away from the boxy, mostly concrete or brick structures toward high rise structures made from large amounts of steel and glass siding.

A

Postmodern Architecture

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35
Q

Style that uses multiple advances to create buildings that rotate, curve, and stretch the limits of size and height.

A

Contemporary architecture

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36
Q

Membership within a group of people who have common experience and share similar characteristics such as ancestry, language, customs and history.

A

Ethnicity

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37
Q

Clusters of people of the same culture

A

Ethnic enclave

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38
Q

Determined based on characteristics such as religion, language and ethnicity

A

Cultural regions

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39
Q

Larger area that include several cultural regions

A

Culture realms

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40
Q

Specific places and natural features that have religious significance

A

Sacred places

41
Q

Occurs when one group of people is dispersed to various locations

A

Diaspora

42
Q

The first group to establish cultural and religious customs in a space.

A

Charter group

43
Q

Ethnic concentrations formed in rural areas

A

Ethnic islands

44
Q

Process in which ethnic groups move in and out of neighborhoods and create new cultural imprints on the landscape.

A

Sequent Occupancy

45
Q

Process of re-embracing the uniqueness and authenticity of a place

A

Neolocalism

46
Q

Religion whose cultural hearth is Japan, emphasizes honoring one’s ancestors and the relationship between people and nature.

A

Shinto

47
Q

What are some examples of the built environment?

A

the buildings we live in, the distribution systems that provide us with water and electricity, and the roads, bridges, and transportation systems we use to get from place to place.

48
Q

What are some examples of traditional architecture in the United States?

A

Spanish Adobe
Colonial Homes

49
Q

What is the central focus of traditional architecture?

A

Utility to people and community

50
Q

What styles of architecture are associated with globalized popular culture?

A

Post modern and contemporary

51
Q

What are 2 things that ethnic enclaves can reflect?

A

The desire of people to remain apart from the larger society

52
Q

What roles do women typically play in fold cultures?

A

Domestic responsibilities - faming, education, talking care of people

53
Q

How are gender specific roles challenged in popular culture?

A

women have more economic power

54
Q

What is the significance of gendered spaces or gendered landscapes?

A

Provides a safe place.

Gendered spaces are areas in which particular genders of people, and particular types of gender expression, are considered welcome or appropriate, and other types are unwelcome or inappropriate. Gendering of spaces is an important means by which social systems maintain the organization of gender.

55
Q

What is an example of a gendered space?

A

women’s and men’s bathrooms and locker rooms or sex-segregated dormitories and shelters.

56
Q

What is a transition zone within a cultural region?

A

an area in which cultures, people, influences and adaptations have shifted back and forth through prehistoric and historic times.

57
Q

What traits are shared within a cultural realm?

A

language families, religious traditions, food preferences, architecture, or a shared history

58
Q

What purposes do sacred places serve?

A

First, sacred space is a means of communication with the gods and about the gods. Second, it is a place of divine power. And third, it serves as a visible icon of the world and thereby imparts a form to it and an organization to its inhabitants.

59
Q

What is the significance of architecture in Christianity?

A

Church architecture serves to frame and enhance our worship in a way that honors the One we worship. Churches are buildings shaped, crafted and set aside for the very special purpose of our corporate communion with our covenant God.

60
Q

What is the significance of architecture in Hinduism?

A
61
Q

What is the significance of architecture in Buddhism?

A
62
Q

What is the significance of architecture in Judaism?

A
63
Q

What is the significance of architecture in Islam?

A
64
Q

What was the charter group in the Americas?

A

The English

65
Q

What are 2 reasons why ethnic groups might cluster together in particular regions?

A

because people of the same ethnic group receive the same opportunities and face similar forms of discrimination. Emphasized attitudes that are shared by citizens cause them to unify.

66
Q

How does where African Americans are located in the United States today reflect a historical trend of discrimination?

A

It stems from the legacy of slavery, segregation, and discriminatory housing policies such as relining. Discriminatory practices in housing, employment, and education have perpetuated segregation and limited mobility.

67
Q

How is the city of Harlem (NY) a reflection of sequent occupancy?

A

Harlem reflects the legacy of the diverse communities of Dutch settlers, African Americans, Puerto Ricans. those from the Caribbean and Africa with their contributions to the neighborhoods identity, with landmarks, cultural institutions and vibrant communities that represent a continuum of cultural influences over time.

68
Q

How can the evolution and changing occupancy of neighborhoods create tension?

A

The social, economic, and physical impacts of gentrification often result in serious political conflict, exacerbated by differences in race, class, and culture. Earlier residents may feel embattled, ignored, and excluded from their own communities.

69
Q

What is an example of neolocalism?

A

The Chinese moving to a Chinatown neighborhood is an example of neolocalism as they move in order to be in a more familiar regional location.

70
Q

Consist of related sets of cultural traits and complexes that create similar behaviors across space.

A

Cultural patterns

71
Q

Where a religion or ethnicity began.

A

Cultural hearth

72
Q

Membership in a group of people who share characteristics such as ancestry, language, customs, history and common experiences.

A

Ethnicity

73
Q

Based on people’s connection to a particular country.

A

Nationality

74
Q

Forces that unify a group of people or region

A

centripetal forces

75
Q

Forces that divide a group of people of region

A

Centrifugal forces

76
Q

An attempt to follow a literal interpretation of a religious faith

A

Fundamentalism

77
Q

Countries whose governments are run by religious leaders through the use of religious laws

A

theocracies

78
Q

Belief that one’s own cultural group is more important and superior to other cultures

A

Ethnocentrism

79
Q

The concept that a person’s or group’s beliefs, values, norms, and practices should be understood from the perspective of the other group’s culture.

A

Cultural relativism

80
Q

The action of adopting traits, icons, or other elements of another culture.

A

Cultural Appropriation

81
Q

Laws that restrict certain activities, such as the sale of alcohol on Sunday.

A

Blue Laws

82
Q

Where is this religious group predominantly located in the U.S.?

Congregationalists

A

none

83
Q

Where is this religious group predominantly located in the U.S.?

Baptists & Methodists

A

Baptist is mostly in the south

Methodist is mostly midwest & north

84
Q

Where is this religious group predominantly located in the U.S.?

Lutherans

A

Upper Midwest

85
Q

Where is this religious group predominantly located in the U.S.?

Mormons

A

Idaho, Nevada, Utah

86
Q

Where is this religious group predominantly located in the U.S.?

Roman Catholics

A

New England, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Florida

87
Q

Where is this religious group predominantly located in the U.S.?

Jews, Muslims & Hindus

A

None

88
Q

Patterns and landscapes of religious and ethnic groups vary by place and region at different…

A

Scales

89
Q

What do geographers focus on when studying ethnic groups as minorities within a larger population?

A

They investigate spatial dimensions and cultural landscapes

90
Q

What are some examples of centripetal forces?

A

a shared religion, external threats, a stable government, and a common language

91
Q

What are some examples of centrifugal forces?

A

racism, nationalism, and perceptions that one group is different or ‘other’.

92
Q

What is Sharia?

A

a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition based on scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and hadith.

93
Q

What are some examples of how religious beliefs are influential as guides for human behavior.

A

Moral guidance - The 10 Commandments
Social norms & values -concepts of charity, compassion & hospitality
Rituals & practices - prayer, meditation, fasting, acts of worship
Sense of purpose & meaning - belief in an afterlife
Identity & belonging -

94
Q

What are some fundamentalists beliefs about lifestyles?

A

Traditional gender roles-
Men work to provide & Women stay home raising children
Modesty & Dress Codes-
to maintain modesty
Sexuality & relationships -
condemn same sex relationships and expect abstinence before marriage
Family structure & values - prioritize the nuclear family unit & expect loyalty, obedience & respect for authority
Education & Media Consumption - may homeschool or enroll in religious school to ensure curriculum aligned with their beliefs and limit exposures to secular media, literature or entertainment.

95
Q

What is the relationship between fundamentalism and distance decay?

A

The strength of fundamentalism diminishes with greater distance.

96
Q

How is Iran an example of a theocracy?

A

the Iranian people have been subjugated by an oppressive theocracy called the “Islamic Republic,” with a religious “Supreme Leader” overseeing all aspects of Iranian life.

97
Q

What types of issues can ethnocentrism lead to?

A

misinterpretations of others- racism, stereotypes, and prejudice.

98
Q

In what ways have groups developed their identities through the years?

A

environmental adaptations, interactions, changing attitudes, and technological advances.

99
Q

What concerns exist regarding cultural appropriation?

A

Using traits out of context and in inappropriate ways.

100
Q

Why is it important to understand cultures from the inside?

A

It affords everyone the opportunity to foster communication which leads to empathy and respect.

101
Q
A

AP Human Geography (6 decks)

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