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AP Human Geography > Unit 2 -Population Migration & Patterns > Flashcards

Unit 2 -Population Migration & Patterns Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Population Distribution

A

The pattern of human settlement the spread of people across earth.

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2
Q

Define Population Density

A

Measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of an area.

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3
Q

What are some of the reasons why much of the world’s population lives in/near Midlatitude areas?

A

More moderate climates and better soils

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4
Q

What are some of the reasons why much of the world’s population lives in/near Low- lying areas?

A

Better soil for crops. close to oceans which is good for transportation, food and climate.

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5
Q

What areas of the world have low population numbers and densities?

A

high or low altitudes and high lying areas.

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6
Q

What are some examples of human factors that influence population distribution?

A

Cultural features, jobs, transportation, trade routes, political decisions

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7
Q

What is the relationship between scale of analysis and physical factors as it relates to where people live?

A

As the sale changes, so does the relevance of factors like climate, elevation, and industrialization.

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8
Q

What is the relationship between scale of analysis and human factors as it relates to where people live?

A

People may move to a polluted city for economics, but a polluted suburb.

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9
Q

What is social stratification?

A

Hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic states, power and or ethnicity.

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10
Q

What is social stratification typically based on in countries?

A

Economic States

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11
Q

How is population density calculated?

A

comparing the areas population to its size

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12
Q

Define how Arithmetic population density is calculated

A

dividing a regions population by total area

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13
Q

Define how Physiological population density is calculated

A

dividing population by amount of available land

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14
Q

Define how Agricultural population density is calculated

A

number of farmers to available land

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15
Q

What is the issue with using arithmetic population density to understand population distribution?

A

It does not indicate where they live

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16
Q

What are 2 things that a large difference between arithmetic density and physiological density may indicate?

A

a small percentage of the land is capable of growing crops

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17
Q

Why do developed countries have lower agricultural densities?

A

farmers have technology to produce more food with less workers.

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18
Q

What do less developed countries have higher agricultural densities?

A

farmers cannot afford modern technology

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19
Q

What are 2 examples of how population density varies by time on a local scale of analysis?

A

Traveling to different states because of weather. Traveling to a city for work and leaving at night.

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20
Q

Areas with high population densities are referred to as

A

settled densities

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21
Q

Areas with low densities are referred to as

A

sparsely densities

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22
Q

The distribution of a regions population and its density reflect peoples

A

choices & values

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23
Q

Explain how Economic decisions are impacted in part by population density and distribution.

A

Business get more profits when near a large consumer base.
Manufacturing plants have access to a large labor fore.

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24
Q

Explain how Political decisions are impacted in part by population density and distribution.

A

Adjustments are made every 10 years for similar votes per district.
State legislatures have to represent the same number of people so urban areas get smaller and rural areas get bigger

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25
Q

Explain how Social decisions are impacted in part by population density and distribution.

A

Schools, hospitals, police stations, etc. are close to concentrated areas.
People in rural areas have to travel further.

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26
Q

Define infrastructure

A

refers to the facilities and structures that allows people to carry out their typical activities.

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27
Q

What are some examples of infrastructure?

A

roads, buildings, sewer systems, electrical grids, bridges

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28
Q

How can it be more cost effective to provide infrastructure to high density areas?

A

Things are based on the labor to do it

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29
Q

How can it be challenging to provide infrastructure to high density areas?

A

It’s harder to manage things in high concentrated settings

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30
Q

Define overpopulation

A

More people than it can support

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31
Q

Define carrying capacity

A

The number of people a region can support without damaging the environment.

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32
Q

What are 2 specific examples of how carrying capacity can change over time?

A

Technological advances and Climate change

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33
Q

What is the relationship between carrying capacity and the location of cities?

A

Cities are made where you can support the most people

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34
Q

What are 2 aspects of the environment that are impacted as population density increases?

A

Aire and water pollution

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35
Q

What 2 things must be examined to understand an areas population composition?

A

Age and sex of a regions people

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36
Q

Differences in gender balance result from what?

A

war, migration and government policy

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37
Q

The age-sex composition graph is also known as a

A

population-pyramid

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38
Q

What types of information does a population pyramid provide?

A

birth rates, death rates, average lifespan, and economic data

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39
Q

Population pyramids are composed of what elements?

A

Age groups
Male/Female
Country, city, state or multi country scale

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40
Q

If a population pyramid has a wide base and tapers upwards the regions population is

A

Growing

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41
Q

The wide base indicates a large percentage of

A

Children

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42
Q

What is the relationship between an area having a large young population and a growing population?

A

Having large families

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43
Q

What are 2 impacts that war can have on a population composition?

A

Many people are killed, especially men ages 18-40.
People wait to have children until after the war.

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44
Q

What is the difference between baby boom and a baby bust?

A

Baby boom is where people have lots of children.
Baby bust is where birth rates are lower.

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45
Q

What is an echo in relationship to a population pyramid?

A

A bulge on the pyramid

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46
Q

What ultimately leads to any anomaly on a population pyramid to disappear?

A

When everyone dies from that group

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47
Q

Define Potential Workforce

A

People ages 15-64-

48
Q

Define Dependent Population

A

People under age 15 or under 64

49
Q

Define Dependency Ratio

A

Comparison between the 2 groups

50
Q

What are some common possible reasons for anomalies in population pyramids?

A

Large university - shortage of school funding.
A community with a warm climate - lack of jobs.
Assisted living home where women live longer than men.
Military base or prison.

51
Q

Equation used to describe future population of a region of any scale.

A

Demographic balancing equation

52
Q

People who move into a country

A

Immigrants

53
Q

People who move out of a country

A

Emigrants

54
Q

The number of live births per year for each 1.000 people.

A

(CBR) Crude Birth Rate

55
Q

The average number of children who would be born per woman of that age group in a country

A

(TER) Total Fertility Rate

56
Q

The average number of years people live

A

Life Expectancy

57
Q

The number of deaths per year for each 1,000 people

A

(CDR) Crude Death Rate

58
Q

The percentage at which a country’s population is growing or declining, without the impact of migration.

A

(RNI) Rate of Natural Increase

59
Q

The time is takes for the population to double

A

Population Doubling Time

60
Q

What doctor’s work led to a smallpox vaccine?

A

Edward Jenner

61
Q

What is the actual mathematical equation for determining future population?

A

Future population = Current Population + (# of births - # of deaths) + (# of immigrants - # of emigrants)

62
Q

As it relates to describing the rate at which children are born…
Total fertility rate more accurately reflects

A

Cultural Norms

63
Q

As it relates to describing the rate at which children are born…
Crude birth rate more clearly reflects

A

Total population change

64
Q

What are 2 factors that have led to the increase in global population?

A

Drop in infant mortality rate and increase in life expectancy.

65
Q

How can the decrease in infant mortality rate and increase in life expectancy be explained by economic, political and technological changes?

A

Increase in wealth, food quality, sanitation, infrastructure, and advance in technology and health care.

66
Q

How has better food production and nutrition helped increase life expectancy?

A

It is much easier and faster to produce large amounts of food because of mechanization.
There has also been a lot of research in improving fertilizer.

67
Q

How has advances in public sanitation and nutrition helped increase life expectancy?

A

Through the creation of sewer systems we have prevented water from being easily contaminated which prevents sickness. Learning to boil water, which kills bacteria, also preventing sickness.

68
Q

How has improvements in healthcare and nutrition helped increase life expectancy?

A

Learning how to create vaccines has prevented hundreds or thousands of deaths. Antibiotics has helped to kill bacteria infections.

69
Q

What is the formula used to calculate rate of natural increase (RNI)?

A

RNI = (CBR - CDR) /10

70
Q

What is the rule of 70?
To what population statistic is it related?

A

It helps figure out how long it’ll take a population to double, if the rates stay in the same.

71
Q

What do geographers use models for as it relates to population?

A

Represent and calculate, analyze and display change over time.

72
Q

What are birth rate and death rate shaped by in a country?

A

How a county changes from a agrarian society to an industrial society.

73
Q

What is Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM).

A

a low population growth rate due to a high birth rate and a high death rate

74
Q

What is Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM).

A

a rapid decrease in a country’s death rate while the birth rate remains high
Ex. - Mali & Sudan

75
Q

What is Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM).

A

mortality is low and birth rates begin to fall:
Ex. - Mexico, Turkey, Indonesia

76
Q

What is Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM).

A

mortality and birth rates are low
Ex. - USA & China

77
Q

What is Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM).

A

countries the birth rates remain low, and the death rates go up.
Ex. - Germany & Japan

78
Q

What are 2 challenges that countries can face as they transition from one stage of the DTM to the next?

A

Not having enough resources for funding healthcare or education.

79
Q

What does the DTM help to explain?

A

Changes at a smaller scale

80
Q

What are some of the limitation of the DTM?

A

Explaining experiences in small countries

81
Q

What is the epidemiological transition model (ETM)? Why is it useful?

A

Expansion of the DTM and explains changing in death rates.

82
Q

How did the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 challenge some of the theories about the ETM?

A

Pandemics are usually in stage 1 & 2 and decrease as the stage increase.

83
Q

What is one criticism of the ETM?

A

It doesn’t take into account lifestyle choices and environmental factors.

84
Q

What concern of geography did Thomas Malthus focus on in his book An Essay on the Principle of Population?

A

The relationship between people and the earth.

85
Q

Summarize the Malthusian Theory

A

The theory states that the supply of food cannot keep up with the growth of the human population, inevitably resulting in disease, famine, war, and calamity.

86
Q

How/why did Malthus develop his theory?

A

Based on his observation of conditions in England in the early 1800s, Malthus argued that available farmland was insufficient to feed the increasing population.

87
Q

What specific beliefs about population did Malthus include in his theory.

A

Thomas Malthus thought that the world would begin a downward spiral. Overall, he predicted that the uncontrolled population growth would lead to a depletion of resources, increased pollution, overcrowding, and increased unemployment.

88
Q

What are 2 predictions of Malthus that have not come true.

A

We have not experienced famine and the population hasn’t stayed on a steady rise.

89
Q

What arguments do neo-Malthusians make about population growth in modern times?

A

They say that the population growth is a major threat for the future. They use the example of the Sahel region projected to double within the next 30 years.

90
Q

What are the antinatalist policies?

A

to encourage people to plan smaller families, lower fertility rates and reduce the number of births.

91
Q

What 2 antinatalist policies did China introduce in the 1970’s?

A

“Later, longer, fewer,” that is, promoting later marriage, longer spacing between births (three to five years), and fewer births
A one child policy

92
Q

What impact did each of China’s antinatalist policies have?

A

The one-child policy has had three important consequences for China’s demographics: it reduced the fertility rate considerably, it skewed China’s gender ratio because people preferred to abort or abandon their female babies, and resulted in a labor shortage given the increasing proportion of the population who were older adults.

93
Q

Why do gender imbalances often exist in countries such as India?

A

Because males take care of elderly parents and females are a burden.

94
Q

What suggestions have been made by the WHO (World Health Organization) to help increase the perceived value of girls?

A

To give them equal rights and education

95
Q

Why did the Chinese government ultimately reevaluate the One Child Policy?

A

China’s fertility was well below the replacement level, and China began to face the mounting pressures associated with continued low fertility.

96
Q

What are some examples of programs implemented in other countries/regions to help control population growth?

A

Banning Child Marriage
Birth Education

97
Q

What are pronatalist policies?

A

A pronatalist policy exists “to increase population growth by attempting to raise. the number of births.”

98
Q

What are some specific examples of countries that have implemented pornatalist policies?

A

PTO & Free Childcare - France, Sweden & Japan
Advertising Campaigns - Denmark, Singapore, Russia & Italy

99
Q

Program in which the US government gave land to settlers willing to stay & farm it for 5 years

A

The Homestead Act

100
Q

Regulates the number of workers who can temporarily enter a country to work in specific industries for a defined amount of time

A

Guest Worker Policies

101
Q

Policies that allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrate to the country

A

Family Reunification

102
Q

A strong dislike of people of another culture.

A

Xenophobia

103
Q

Culture sameness

A

Culture Homogeneity

104
Q

Money immigrants send to their family and friends in the country they left.

A

Remittances

105
Q

Occurs when migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people

A

Brain Drain

106
Q

Neighbors filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group

A

Ethnic Enclaves

107
Q

Explain how and why the Gulf Cooperation Council set guest worker policies.

A

The point is to provide temporary employment for foreign workers and relieve labor shortages in certain fields.

Migrant workers require a national sponsor (called Kafeel) and are only allowed to work for the visa sponsoring firm.

108
Q

Besides guest worker policies, what are 2 other examples of policies that encourage/promote immigration?

A

Family Reunification and Foreign College Students

109
Q

What are 2 examples of policies that discourage/limit immigration?

A

Chinese Exclusion Act and Cultural Homogeneity

110
Q

What is an example of a country that has restricted immigration in order to protect its cultural homogeneity?

A

Japan

111
Q

What are 2 examples of how migration can positively impact countries of origin?

A

Remittances and Relief from over crowding.

112
Q

What are 2 examples of how migration can negatively impact countries of origin?

A

Dependency ratio problems and Brain Drain

113
Q

What are 2 examples of how migration can positively impact receiving countries?

A

Cultural Contributions and Ethnic Enclaves

114
Q

What are 2 examples of how migration can negatively impact receiving countries?

A

Clash over beliefs with natives, and low discrimination

115
Q

Between 1882 and 1943, the United States banned immigration from what country? Why do you think they reversed that policy?

A

China.
I think they reversed it because China was an ally to the US in WW2.

AP Human Geography (6 decks)

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