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AP Human Geography > Unit 1 - Maps and Geographical Data > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Maps and Geographical Data Flashcards

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1
Q

Maps that show and label human created boundaries and designations

A

Political Maps

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2
Q

Maps that show and label natural features

A

Physical Maps

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3
Q

Type of thematic map that uses various colors, shades of color, patterns to show the location and distribution of spatial data

A

Choropleth Maps

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4
Q

Type of thematic map used to show the specific location and distribution of something across a map

A

Dot Distribution Map

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5
Q

Type of thematic map that uses symbols of different sizes to indicate different amounts of something

A

Graduated Symbol Map

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6
Q

Type of thematic map that uses lines that connect points of equal value to depict variations in the data across space

A

Isoline Map

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7
Q

The most common type of isoline maps. On these maps, points of equal elevation are connected, creating contours that depict surface features.

A

Topographic Map

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8
Q

Type of thematic map in which sizes of political features are shown according to some specific statistic.

A

Cartogram

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9
Q

The ratio between the size of things in the real world and the size of those same things on a map.

A

Scale

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10
Q

Refers to the way the map communicates the ratio of its size to the size of what it represents

A

Cartographic Scale

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11
Q

The precise spot where something is according to a system.

A

Absolute Location

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12
Q

Description of where something is in relation to other things.

A

Relative Location

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13
Q

How well two locations are tied together by roads or other links

A

Connectivity

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14
Q

How quickly and easily people in one location can interact with people in another location.

A

Accessibility

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15
Q

Used in order to describe where things are in relation to each other.

A

Direction

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16
Q

Usually measured in terms of feet, miles, meters, or kilometers.

A

Absolute Distance

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17
Q

Indicates the degree of nearness based on time or money; it is often dependent on the mode of travel.

A

Relative Distance

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18
Q

The distance of features above sea level, usually measured in feet or meters.

A

Elevation

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19
Q

The ways a phenomenon is spread over an area.

A

Distribution

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20
Q

The general arrangement of things.

A

Patterns

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21
Q

The process of showing a curved surface on a flat surface.

A

Projections

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22
Q

Geographers are concerned by the political and economic bias of what three things that can be subconsciously reinforced by using an incorrect projection?

A

Power, wealth, and superiority

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23
Q

What are 2 reasons why maps are the most important tool of a geographer?

A

Maps help organize complex information and no tool communicates spatial information more effectively than a map.

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24
Q

What are 5 types of thematic maps?

A

Choropleth Map
Dot Distribution Maps
Graduate Symbol Maps
Isoline Maps
Cartogram Maps

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25
Q

Why are cartograms useful?

A

The sizes of countries are shown according to a certain statistic.

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26
Q

What are 4 ways in which cartographic scale can be expressed?

A

Words
Ratio
A line
Scale

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27
Q

Latitude is…

A

the distance North or South of the equator.

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28
Q

Longitude is..

A

the distance East or West of the equator.

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29
Q

What are the 4 Cardinal Directions?

A

North
South
East
West

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30
Q

Northwest, Southwest, Northeast, Southeast are known as…

A

Intermediate Directions

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31
Q

What types of things are impacted by elevation?

A

Climate
Weather
Agriculture

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32
Q

Define a Clustered or Agglomerated distribution pattern.

A

Phenomena are arranged in a group or concentrated way.

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33
Q

Give an example of Clustered Distribution.

A

When houses are built very close together and the houses have smaller lots.

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34
Q

Define a Linear distribution pattern.

A

Phenomena are arranged in a straight line.

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35
Q

Give an example of a Linear distribution pattern.

A

Where settlements are built in a line, often along a road, river, or valley.

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36
Q

Define Dispersed distribution pattern.

A

Phenomena are spread out over a large area.

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37
Q

Give an example of Dispersed Distribution pattern.

A

An area that has houses that are further apart and have larger lots and more land from one house to the next.

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38
Q

Define Circular Distribution.

A

Phenomena are equally spaced from a central point, forming a circle,

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39
Q

Give an example of Circular Distribution.

A

The distribution of the homes of people who shop at a particular store.

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40
Q

Define Geometric Distribution.

A

Phenomena are in a regular arrangement , such as squares.

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41
Q

Define Random Distribution Patterns.

A

Phenomena appear to have no order to their position.

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42
Q

What is the purpose of Mercator map projections?

A

Navigation

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43
Q

What are the strengths of Mercator map projections?

A

The Mercator projection preserves angles, so it is useful for navigation purposes, as it allows sailors to draw straight lines on the map that correspond to true compass bearings.

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44
Q

What is the Distortion of Mercator map projections?

A

Distorts the size of objects as the latitude increases from the equator to the poles, where the scale becomes infinite.

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45
Q

What is the purpose of Peters map projections?

A

It offers a representation of the nations in their true proportion to one another, which provides a helpful corrective to the distortions of traditional maps for countries to fit on a flat surface.

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46
Q

What are the strengths of the Peters map projections?

A

all countries are correct in size in relation to each other.

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47
Q

What is the distortion of the Peters map projections?

A

Countries are stretched horizontally near the poles and vertically near the Equator, so although the size may be right, the shape definitely isn’t.

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48
Q

What is the purpose of the Conic map projections?

A

used for midlatitude zones that have an east–west orientation

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49
Q

What are the strengths of the Conic map projections?

A

size and shape are close to reality

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50
Q

What is the distortion of the Conic map projections?

A

direction not constant, longitude line converse at one pole.

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51
Q

What is the purpose of the Robinson map projections?

A

to create visually appealing maps of the entire world

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52
Q

What are the strengths of the Robinson map projections?

A

it keeps the levels of all types of distortion relatively low over most of the map.

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53
Q

What is the distortion of the Robinson map projections?

A

It generally distorts shapes, areas, distances, directions, and angle

54
Q

On what types of things does a spatial approach focus?

A

location
distance
direction
orientation
flow
pattern
interconnection

55
Q

What concepts do geographers use to further develop an understanding of a specific location?

A

the physical and human characteristics of a location.

NOT SURE IF CORRECT ANSWER

56
Q

What are some examples of site?

A

soil type
climate
labor force
human structures

57
Q

What is an example of situation?

A

location of a place relative to it’s surroundings.

58
Q

Define sense of place.

A

In relation to the concept of place

59
Q

For what reasons are toponyms sometimes created?

A

Physical Geography

60
Q

What has been one result of time-space compression?

A

getting from New York to London quicker

61
Q
A
62
Q

What are 2 types of connections that can exist between places?

A

Physical or internet

63
Q

What types of things have reduced the friction of distance between places by increasing the spatial interaction?

A

The internet

64
Q

What are some common types of distribution patterns?

A

Clustered
linear
dispersed
circular
geometric
random

65
Q

What is an example of spatial association?

A

Malaria cases and the mosquitos that cause it.

66
Q

The arrangement of the phenomena being studied across the surface of the earth.

A

Spatial Approach

67
Q

The area between two or more phenomena or things.

A

Space

68
Q

Identifies where specific phenomena are located either on a gird system or relative to another location.

A

Location

69
Q

Refers to the specific human and physical characteristics of a location.

A

Place

70
Q

A group of places in the same area that share a characteristic.

A

Region

71
Q

The characteristics at an immediate location.

A

Site

72
Q

Refers to the location of a place relative to its surroundings and its connectivity to other places.

A

Situation

73
Q

Place names that locations are sometimes known by.

A

Toponyms

74
Q

The shrinking relative distance between locations because of improved methods of transpiration and communication.

A

Time Space Compression

75
Q

Refers to the contact, movement, and flow of things between locations.

A

Spatial Interaction

76
Q

Refers to the patterns and movement of ideas, people, products, and other phenomena.

A

Flow

77
Q

Indicates that when things are farther apart, they tend to be less connected.

A

Friction of distance

78
Q

The inverse relationship between distance and connection.

A

Distance decay

79
Q

Refer to the general arrangement of things being studied.

A

Patterns

80
Q

The way a phenomenon is spread out or arranged over an area to describe patterns.

A

Distribution

81
Q

Matching patterns of distribution

A

Spatial Association

82
Q

This technology has allowed the world to become more spatially connected than ever before.

A

Internet

83
Q

The connection and exchange between humans and the natural world.

A

Human- Environmental Interaction

84
Q

Resources that are theoretically unlimited and will not be depleted based on use by people.

A

Renewable natural resources

85
Q

Resources that are limited and can be exhausted by humans.

A

Non renewable resources

86
Q

Attempting to use resources now in ways that allow their use in the future while minimizing negative impacts on environment.

A

Sustainability

87
Q

Anything built by humans and that is in the realm of land use.

A

Cultural Landscape

88
Q

The study of how humans adapt to the environment.

A

Cultural Ecology

89
Q

The belief that landforms and climate are the most powerful forces shaping human behavior and societal development while ignoring the influence of culture.

A

Environmental Determinism

90
Q

View that acknowledges limits on the effects of the natural environment and focuses more on the role that human culture plays.

A

Possibilism

91
Q

The physical artifacts that humans have created and that form part of the landscape.

A

Built Environment

92
Q

What are 2 factors that influence access to resources?

A

Technological tools and finances

93
Q

What types of problems do sustainable development policies attempt to solve?

A

Natural resource depletion
Mass consumption
Effects of pollution
Impact of climate change

94
Q

What are some examples of things that are part of the built environment?

A

Buildings
Roads
Signs
Farms
Fences

95
Q

How is possibilism different than environmental determinism?

A

Possibilism says that culture affects how people react to an environment, when environmental determination says it’s climate.

96
Q

What is a specific example of possibilism in action?

A

The Netherlands having to make dams, walls, canals, and pumps to keep 35% of the country from flooding.

97
Q

List some examples of renewable resources

A

Air: Wind, Power
Water: surface water & hydroelectric
Solar: suns energy
Biomass: organic material from plants and animals

98
Q

List some examples of non renewable resources

A

fossil fuels from biological origin, such as coal, natural gas & petroleum
Earth minerals: like gold, silver & copper
Underground fresh water
Soil

99
Q

Geographic scale is also known as

A

Relative Scale

100
Q

Geographic Scale refers to

A

the area of the world being studied.

101
Q

What are 5 different scales of analysis?

A

Global
World Regional
National
National Regional
Local

102
Q

What does the Global Scale of Analysis area show?

A

The entire world

103
Q

What does the World Regional Scale of Analysis area show?

A

Multiple countries of the world

104
Q

What does the National Scale of Analysis area show?

A

One country

105
Q

What does the National Regional Scale of Analysis area show?

A

A portion of a country or a region within a country.

106
Q

What does the Local Scale of Analysis area show?

A

A province, state, city, country or neighborhood.

107
Q

Give an example of a Global Scale

A

Global earth at night image world population

108
Q

Give an example of World Regional Scale

A

South AsiaGi

109
Q

Give an example of National Scale

A

Thailand

110
Q

Give an example of National Regional Scale

A

Midwest

111
Q

Give an example of Local Scale

A

Moscow

112
Q

What is aggregation?

A

When geographers organize data into different scales.

113
Q

What is aggregation important?

A

It allows for data to be easily mapped.

114
Q

As it relates to identifying patterns, in order to fully understand a topic in depth, what must geographers do?

A

Analyze and understand the patterns and processes at multiple scales or analysis.

115
Q

What are some examples of other ways in which the concept of scale analysis can be used on other than maps?

A

Charts and Graphs

116
Q

What must geographers be careful to do when drawing conclusions and generalizations based on patterns in data resources?

A

Have to makes sure it’s zoomed in so that data isn’t generalized.

117
Q

What are some of the most defining characteristics of regions?

A

Boundaries, unifying characteristics, cover space created by people

118
Q

What makes identifying regions challenging?

A

They are dynamic and depends on who is defining them.

119
Q

What are formal regions>?

A

United by one or more traits

120
Q

What other names are formal regions sometimes called?

A

Uniform regions and homogenous regions

121
Q

What are some categories of formal regions?

A

Political, physical, cultural

122
Q

What are functional regions?

A

Regions organized around a focal point, and defined by activity; political, social or economic

123
Q

By what other name are functional regions known?

A

Nodal Regions

124
Q

What are some examples of functional regions?

A

Pizza delivery
State/Country
an Airport

125
Q

What is necessary part of any functional region?

A

Flow or phenomenon across networks that unite a region.

126
Q

What makes perceptual regions different from formal and functional regions?

A

They’re described by their informal sense of place that people ascribe to them.

127
Q

By what other name are perceptual regions known?

A

Vernacular Regions

128
Q

What is subregion?

A

A smaller part of a region

129
Q

What is an example given in the text of a sub region? What makes this sub region different from the larger region it is a part of?

A

Brazil.
Speaking a different language sets them apart from the rest of Latin America.

130
Q

By changing the scale and zooming in, into what further subdivisions can sub regions be divided?

A

Physical geography like climate and land forms

131
Q

What are 3 examples of problems with regions?

A

Regions are generalizations.
Regions don’t make boundaries, tensions can form when regions overlap.

AP Human Geography (6 decks)

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