Unit 3: Cultural Patterns and Processes Flashcards
the process of a less-dominant culture adopting traits of a more influential one
acculturation
belief that objects or natural events have a discrete spirit and conscious life
animism
concrete human creations
artifacts
the dominant culture completely absorbs the less-dominant one
assimilation
Religion founded on belief that Husayn ‘Ali Nuri was the prophet and messenger of faith (rather than Muhammad)
Baha’i
actions that people take
behaviors
specific statements that people hold to be true; based on values
beliefs
ability to communicate in two languages
bilingualism
world’s third biggest religion
Buddhism
a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China described as tradition, a philosophy, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or a way of life
Confucianism
the rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population
contagious diffusion
a pidgin that has become the first language of a group of speakers
creole
belief that human culture is more important than the physical environment in shaping human action
cultural determinism
the process by which material and non-material culture spreads to areas around a place
cultural diffusion
studies the relationship between the natural environment and culture
cultural ecology
the transformation of land and the ways that humans interact with the environment
cultural geography
areas where civilizations first began that radiated the customs, innovations, and idealologies that culturally transformed the world
cultural hearths
modification of natural landscape by a cultural group
cultural landscape
the practive of evaluating a culture by its own standards
cultural relativism
the process by which one generation passes culture to the next
cultural transmission
consists of common values, beliefs, behaviors, and artifacts that make a group in an area distinct from others
culture complex
an area marked by culture that distinguishes it from other regions; consists of countless culture traits
culture region
a group of interconnected culture complexes
culture system
a single attribute of culture
culture trait
Chinese religion that emphasizes living in harmony with the Dao
Daoism
a regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation
dialect
dispersions of Jewish people living outside of Israel
diasporas
As human beings, we define most objects as ordinary, but we define some things are extraordinary, inspiring a sense of awe and reverence.
Durkheim’s sacred and profane
make up 12% of world’s Christians
Eastern Orthadox
belief that the physical environment actively shapes cultures; human responses are molded by the environment
environmental determinism
appeal to one group of people in one place in the world
ethnic religion
the practive of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture
ethnocentrism
language no longer used by anyone in the world
extinct language
culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups
folk culture
different elements of the traditional lifestyle or the way of living of the people of that particular area
folk culture region
the way of life of a rural or traditional community
folk life
a culture system that intertwines with its locational and environmental circumstances
geographic region
a swedish geographer known for his work on migration, cultural diffusion and time geography
Torste Hagerstrand
stimulates imitative behavior within a population
hierarchal diffusion
major world religion originating on the Indian subcontinent and comprising several and varied systems of philosophy, belief, and ritual
Hinduism
emphasizes ability of humans to guide their own lives
humanism
developments that can be traced back to a specific civilization
independent inventions
the most common language family, spoken by half of the world’s population; includes English, Spanish, Hindi, Portuguese, Bengali, Russian, German, Marathi, French, Italian, Punjabi, and Urdu
Indo-European language family
Second largest religion; predominant in the middle east
Islam
boundary within which particular words are used
isogloss
an Abrahamic, monotheistic, and ethnic religion comprising the collective religious, cultural, and legal tradition and civilization of the Jewish people
Judaism
a syatematic means of communicating ideas and feelings through the use of signs, gestures, marks, or vocal sounds
language
groupings of languages with shared, but distant origins
language families
smaller categories of languages within a family; ex: romance languages
language sub-family
an established language that comes to be spoken and understood over a large area
lingua franca
a condition in which many languages are spoken by a small number of people
linguistic fragmentation
study of speech areas and their local variations by mapping word choices, pronunciations, or grammatical constructions
linguistic geography
50% if Buddhists; incorporates ideas and gods from other religions
Mahayana
transformed communism into a central ideology
Marxism
includes a wide range of concrete human creations called artifacts that reflect values, beliefs, and behaviors
material culture
spread of cultural traits is slow enough that they weaken in the area of origin by the time they reach other areas
migrant diffusion
religion that follows one leader/god
monotheistic religion
ability to communicate in more than two languages
multilingualism
consists of abstract concepts of values, beliefs and behaviors
non-material culture
rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members
norms
language endorsed and recognized by the government as one that everyone shouldf know and use
official language
a mix of languages that borrows words from severak
pidgin
set of practices, beliefs, artistic output and objects that are dominant or prevalent in a society at a given point in time
popular culture
make up 18% of the world’s Christians; split from Catholic Church in 16th century
Protestants
the notion that part of a person’s identity is rooted not only in the country but also in the region in which they live
regional identity
large and basic divisions within a religion
branch
divisions of religious branches that unite local groups in a single administrative body
denomination
small religious groups that don’t affiliate with the more mainstream denominations
sect
individuals or populations migrating from sourcec areas physically carry the innovation or idea to new areas
relocation diffusion
make up 50% of the world’s Christians; concentrated in Latin America, French Canada, Central Africa, and Southern and Eastern Europe
Roman Catholics
American geographer who was an authority on desert studies, tropical areas, the human geography of American Indians, and agriculture and native crops of the New World.
Carl Sauer
Shamanism is a religious practice that involves a practitioner (shaman) interacting with the spirit world through altered states of consciousness, such as trance
shamanism
make up only 16% of Muslims
Shiite
Religion that stresses continual improvement and movement toward perfection by taking individual responsibility
Sikhism
language recognized by the government and the intellectual elite as the norm for use in schools, government, media, and other aspects of public life
standard language
when an element of culture changes as it spreads to new areas
stimulus diffusion
largest branch of Islam: 83%
Sunni
landscape that has significant meaning beyond what it simply looks like due to cultural associations
symbolic landscape
used to represent geographic phenomena
symbols
the process of fusion of old and new
syncretism
6% of Buddhists; emphasizes magic and meditation
Tantrayana
38% of buddhists; adheres to the original teachings of the Buddha
Theraveda
the influence of cultural traits weakens as time and distance increase
time-distance decay
study of place names
toponymy
a religion or belief associated with a particular ethnic group
traditional religion
two-way flows of culture reflect an equal exchange of cultural traits
transculturation
religion global in its appeal to people all over the world; ex: Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism
universalizing religion
