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AP Human Geography > Unit 3: Cultural Patterns and Processes > Flashcards

Unit 3: Cultural Patterns and Processes Flashcards

1
Q

the process of a less-dominant culture adopting traits of a more influential one

A

acculturation

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2
Q

belief that objects or natural events have a discrete spirit and conscious life

A

animism

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3
Q

concrete human creations

A

artifacts

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4
Q

the dominant culture completely absorbs the less-dominant one

A

assimilation

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5
Q

Religion founded on belief that Husayn ‘Ali Nuri was the prophet and messenger of faith (rather than Muhammad)

A

Baha’i

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6
Q

actions that people take

A

behaviors

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7
Q

specific statements that people hold to be true; based on values

A

beliefs

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8
Q

ability to communicate in two languages

A

bilingualism

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9
Q

world’s third biggest religion

A

Buddhism

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10
Q

a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China described as tradition, a philosophy, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or a way of life

A

Confucianism

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11
Q

the rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population

A

contagious diffusion

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12
Q

a pidgin that has become the first language of a group of speakers

A

creole

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13
Q

belief that human culture is more important than the physical environment in shaping human action

A

cultural determinism

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14
Q

the process by which material and non-material culture spreads to areas around a place

A

cultural diffusion

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15
Q

studies the relationship between the natural environment and culture

A

cultural ecology

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16
Q

the transformation of land and the ways that humans interact with the environment

A

cultural geography

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17
Q

areas where civilizations first began that radiated the customs, innovations, and idealologies that culturally transformed the world

A

cultural hearths

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18
Q

modification of natural landscape by a cultural group

A

cultural landscape

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19
Q

the practive of evaluating a culture by its own standards

A

cultural relativism

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20
Q

the process by which one generation passes culture to the next

A

cultural transmission

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21
Q

consists of common values, beliefs, behaviors, and artifacts that make a group in an area distinct from others

A

culture complex

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22
Q

an area marked by culture that distinguishes it from other regions; consists of countless culture traits

A

culture region

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23
Q

a group of interconnected culture complexes

A

culture system

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24
Q

a single attribute of culture

A

culture trait

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25
Q

Chinese religion that emphasizes living in harmony with the Dao

A

Daoism

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26
Q

a regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation

A

dialect

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27
Q

dispersions of Jewish people living outside of Israel

A

diasporas

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28
Q

As human beings, we define most objects as ordinary, but we define some things are extraordinary, inspiring a sense of awe and reverence.

A

Durkheim’s sacred and profane

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29
Q

make up 12% of world’s Christians

A

Eastern Orthadox

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30
Q

belief that the physical environment actively shapes cultures; human responses are molded by the environment

A

environmental determinism

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31
Q

appeal to one group of people in one place in the world

A

ethnic religion

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32
Q

the practive of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture

A

ethnocentrism

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33
Q

language no longer used by anyone in the world

A

extinct language

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34
Q

culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups

A

folk culture

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35
Q

different elements of the traditional lifestyle or the way of living of the people of that particular area

A

folk culture region

36
Q

the way of life of a rural or traditional community

A

folk life

37
Q

a culture system that intertwines with its locational and environmental circumstances

A

geographic region

38
Q

a swedish geographer known for his work on migration, cultural diffusion and time geography

A

Torste Hagerstrand

39
Q

stimulates imitative behavior within a population

A

hierarchal diffusion

40
Q

major world religion originating on the Indian subcontinent and comprising several and varied systems of philosophy, belief, and ritual

A

Hinduism

41
Q

emphasizes ability of humans to guide their own lives

A

humanism

42
Q

developments that can be traced back to a specific civilization

A

independent inventions

43
Q

the most common language family, spoken by half of the world’s population; includes English, Spanish, Hindi, Portuguese, Bengali, Russian, German, Marathi, French, Italian, Punjabi, and Urdu

A

Indo-European language family

44
Q

Second largest religion; predominant in the middle east

A

Islam

45
Q

boundary within which particular words are used

A

isogloss

46
Q

an Abrahamic, monotheistic, and ethnic religion comprising the collective religious, cultural, and legal tradition and civilization of the Jewish people

A

Judaism

47
Q

a syatematic means of communicating ideas and feelings through the use of signs, gestures, marks, or vocal sounds

A

language

48
Q

groupings of languages with shared, but distant origins

A

language families

49
Q

smaller categories of languages within a family; ex: romance languages

A

language sub-family

50
Q

an established language that comes to be spoken and understood over a large area

A

lingua franca

51
Q

a condition in which many languages are spoken by a small number of people

A

linguistic fragmentation

52
Q

study of speech areas and their local variations by mapping word choices, pronunciations, or grammatical constructions

A

linguistic geography

53
Q

50% if Buddhists; incorporates ideas and gods from other religions

A

Mahayana

54
Q

transformed communism into a central ideology

A

Marxism

55
Q

includes a wide range of concrete human creations called artifacts that reflect values, beliefs, and behaviors

A

material culture

56
Q

spread of cultural traits is slow enough that they weaken in the area of origin by the time they reach other areas

A

migrant diffusion

57
Q

religion that follows one leader/god

A

monotheistic religion

58
Q

ability to communicate in more than two languages

A

multilingualism

59
Q

consists of abstract concepts of values, beliefs and behaviors

A

non-material culture

60
Q

rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members

A

norms

61
Q

language endorsed and recognized by the government as one that everyone shouldf know and use

A

official language

62
Q

a mix of languages that borrows words from severak

A

pidgin

63
Q

set of practices, beliefs, artistic output and objects that are dominant or prevalent in a society at a given point in time

A

popular culture

64
Q

make up 18% of the world’s Christians; split from Catholic Church in 16th century

A

Protestants

65
Q

the notion that part of a person’s identity is rooted not only in the country but also in the region in which they live

A

regional identity

66
Q

large and basic divisions within a religion

A

branch

67
Q

divisions of religious branches that unite local groups in a single administrative body

A

denomination

68
Q

small religious groups that don’t affiliate with the more mainstream denominations

A

sect

69
Q

individuals or populations migrating from sourcec areas physically carry the innovation or idea to new areas

A

relocation diffusion

70
Q

make up 50% of the world’s Christians; concentrated in Latin America, French Canada, Central Africa, and Southern and Eastern Europe

A

Roman Catholics

71
Q

American geographer who was an authority on desert studies, tropical areas, the human geography of American Indians, and agriculture and native crops of the New World.

A

Carl Sauer

72
Q

Shamanism is a religious practice that involves a practitioner (shaman) interacting with the spirit world through altered states of consciousness, such as trance

A

shamanism

73
Q

make up only 16% of Muslims

A

Shiite

74
Q

Religion that stresses continual improvement and movement toward perfection by taking individual responsibility

A

Sikhism

75
Q

language recognized by the government and the intellectual elite as the norm for use in schools, government, media, and other aspects of public life

A

standard language

76
Q

when an element of culture changes as it spreads to new areas

A

stimulus diffusion

77
Q

largest branch of Islam: 83%

A

Sunni

78
Q

landscape that has significant meaning beyond what it simply looks like due to cultural associations

A

symbolic landscape

79
Q

used to represent geographic phenomena

A

symbols

80
Q

the process of fusion of old and new

A

syncretism

81
Q

6% of Buddhists; emphasizes magic and meditation

A

Tantrayana

82
Q

38% of buddhists; adheres to the original teachings of the Buddha

A

Theraveda

83
Q

the influence of cultural traits weakens as time and distance increase

A

time-distance decay

84
Q

study of place names

A

toponymy

85
Q

a religion or belief associated with a particular ethnic group

A

traditional religion

86
Q

two-way flows of culture reflect an equal exchange of cultural traits

A

transculturation

87
Q

religion global in its appeal to people all over the world; ex: Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism

A

universalizing religion

AP Human Geography (3 decks)

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