Unit 2: Population Flashcards
the area in which an individual moves about as they pursue regular, day to day activities
activity space
the time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
agricultural revolution
a disease in which there is a severe loss of the body’s cellular immunity, greatly lowering the resistance to infection
AIDS
land suitable for agriculture
arable land
linear growth of a population, population growth at a constant rate
arithmetic growth
total number of people divided by total land area
arithmetic population density
knowledge of opportunity locations beyond the normal activity space
awareness space
the number of people an area can support on a sustained basis
carrying capacity
migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
chain migration
short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis
circulation
the distance beyond which cost, effort, and means strongly influence willingness to travel
critical distance
the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
crude birth rate
the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a society
crude death rate
the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution
demographic momentum
the process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population
demographic transition theory
the scientific study of population characteristics
demography
the frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area
density
when people are forced from their homes due to ethnic strife, war, or natural disasters
dislocation
the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin
distance decay
a population map where each dot represents a certain number of people
dot maps
the amount of time it takes for the population of a region to double
doubling rate
migration from a location
emigration
disease that is commonly found in a certain area
endemic
disease that is widespread or global and threatens all people regardless of location
epidemic
distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
epidemiologic transition (mortality revolution)
identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions
ethnicity
growth that occurs when a fixed percentage of new people is added to a population each year
exponential growth
the killing of baby girls
female infanticide
permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors
forced migration
a constant proportion by which a population of a species with discrete reproduction changes in size from one discrete time period to the next
geometric rate
a model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service
gravity model
migration to a new location
immigration
a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
industrial revolution
the total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society
infant mortality rate
more people immigrate to a country than emigrate from it
in-migration
permanent movement within a particular country
internal migration
permament movement within one region of a country to another
inter-regional migration
an environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration
intervening obstacles
a feature that causes a migrant to choose a destination other than his original one
intervening opportunity
permanent movement within one region of a country
intra-regional migration
the average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions
life expectancy
growth that occurs evenly across each unit over time
linear growth
the first critic to note that the world’s population was increasing faster than the food supplies needed to sustain it
Thomas Malthus
form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location
migration
the tendency for certain types of people to migrate
migration selectivity
the percentage growth of a population in a year; crude birth rate - the crude death rate
natural increase
people who believe that the population of the world is growing too quickly for the scale of agricultural production to keep up
neo-Malthusians
the number of immigrants - the number of emigrants
net-migration rate
a Chinese program that included incentives and penalties to assure that couples have only one child
one child policy
more people emigrate from a country than to it
out-migration
the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living
overpopulation
disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population
pandemic
the number of people per unit of area of arable land
physiological population density
the number of people living per unit area of arable land
population concentrations
the trend of rapid population increases in place since 1750
population explosion
the study of human populations
population geography
a bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex
population pyramid
factor that induces people to move to a new location
pull factors
factor that induces people to leave old residences
push factors
identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor
race
a British geographer who wrote 11 migration laws based on his study of internal migration
Ernst Ravenstein
people who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion
refugees
government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase
restrictive population policies
the spatial and temporal opportunities for travel and activity participation within a time frame
space-time prism
considers how locations interact with each other in terms of the movement of people, freight, services, energy, or information
spatial interaction
stable population, with high death rates, due to low living standards and high birth rates, which compensate for deaths; the economy is based on subsistence farming, hunting, gathering, and basic small-scale household production
Stage 1: Pre-Industrial Stage
population increases due to high birth rates and declining death rates due to the standard of living improvements; division of labor and some artisan industry emerge with little complex machinery used
Stage 2: Transitional Stage
population birth rates are declining, but the population increases due to low death rates and social and technical advances; economic division of labor and use of increasingly complex machinery spreads, and a professional class emerges
Stage 3: Industrial Stage
population self-determines low numbers of children while individual productivity has reduced the need for more people and children are now expensive to educate and maintain; technological and social advances continue to decrease mortality rates and increase longevity
Stage 4: Post-Industrial Stage
birth rate is lower than death rate, population decline
Stage 5: Declining Stage
the level at which a national population ceases to grow
stationary population level
when a migrant follows a path of a series of stages, or steps toward a final destination
step migration
the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years
total fertility rate
permanent movement undertaken by choice
voluntary migration
a decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero
zero population growth
