Unit 3 Class Flashcards
17th Century English Politics
DROK Kings (Stuarts) vs. Parliament over Magna Carta (1215)
- Ruled that no man was above the law and that Parliament decided law
✧ James 1
- Took over from Elizabeth 1
- 1st Stuart King
- Time period was Tudor-Stuart or Elizabethan Renaissance
- believed in DROK in violation of Magna Carta. “I am God’s lieutenant on Earth”; angers House of Commons & House of Lords
- Leads committee of scholars to translate bible = King James Bible
- wants all to use Book of Common Prayer and be Anglican
Charles 1
- DROK - antagonizes Parliament by disbanding it for 11 years after they passed the “Petition of Right” in 1628 giving them more rights
- tries to force Scots to adopt the Book of Common Prayer and Anglicanism
English Civil War
1639-1648
- Charles 1 (Cavaliers) vs. Parliament (Roundheads) w/ Cromwell’s “New Model Army”
✧ Oliver Cromwell
- Captures Charles 1, who receives a trial, is found guilty and beheaded
- Leader of Parliament
- Pride’s Purge of Parliament - leaves only sycophants and Cromwell’s cronies; “Rump” Parliament
Cromwell’s Commonwealth
- Puritan Revolution with strict moral code
- Invades Ireland and steals their land
✧ Cromwell Irony
Parliament opposes absolutism but Cromwell becomes Lord Protector or Military dictator
✧ The “Ends” of Mercantilist Policy
- favorable balance of trade: you export more in value than you import, thus leaving you with more bullion in the state treasury
- economic self-sufficiency
- bullion stockpiles
- policy of landed aristocratic interests and monarchy, who were the “power brokers” of this era
- to benefit the “mother country”
✧ “Means” of Mercantilism
- protectionist tariffs to discourage imports
- subsidies to infant industries to encourage self sufficiency
- colonies as a source of raw materials
- colonies as a market for the “finished products” from the mother country
- detailed manufacturing codes to ensure high quality products to encourage exports
✧ Examples of Mercantilist Policy
- 1651 Navigation Acts in England insisting that English goods be shipped on English ships, encouraging the creation of a merchant empire
- Colbertism in France (detailed manufacturing codes)
- establishment of colonies in the New World - 13 Colonies broke with Britain because it wanted to trade with others
✧ Richelieu’s Trend - Domestic
- growing power of the monarchial authority, 1624-1642
- system of “intendants” or monarchial bureaucrats carrying out king’s policy at local level (usually from bourgeoisie to weaken aristocracy)
- following Henri IV’s assassination, declining power of aristocrats
- anti-Protestant policies in violation of Edict of Nantes; trend after Henri IV dies
✧ Richelieu’s Foreign Policy
- supported Protestants in the 30 Years War largely in opposition to the Hapsburgs
- expanded colonial outposts in New World and French exploration
- expand France through war
Richelieu’s Economic Policy
Mercantilism
- also known as Protectionism or Colbertism
Mazarin and the Fronde
- “Fronde” was the French Civil Wars in 1648-53; rebellion of French aristocrats against growing monarchial authority
- Cardinal Mazarin became chief architect of French policy following the death of Richelieu in 1642; able to crush the “Fronde”, helping to grow the power of the monarhcy
- trend towards French Absolutism
Louis XIV, “The Sun King”’s Domestic Policy
- systematic spies
- censorship of the press and creation of the “cult of personality”
- system of “intendants” grow
- Versailles “hostage system”
Louis XIV’s Foreign Policy and Wars
- French expansion in colonies and wars against her neighbors in an attempt to expand France “to her natural borders”.
- constant warfare bankrupted France
Louis XIV and Religion
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
- “one king, one law, one faith”
Louis XIV’s Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 1685
compare to economic effects suffered by the Hapsburgs in Spain because of the Inquisition.
#bigotrybadbusiness
Louis XIV and Government
patronage system of absolute rule and the Versailles Court
Louis XIV Relationship with Colbert
mercantilism in France
Louis XIV’s Absolute Rule
justified by Bishop Bossuet and the “Divine Right of Kings” (DROK)
✧ Wars of Spanish Succession, 1701-1713
- Last Hapsburg ruler died
- Louis XIV claims the throne in the hopes of “*making the Pyrenees cease to exist.”
- Ended in French capitulation to the allies
- Louis XIV gave this deathbed speech to his infant successor -> “Do not love war as much as I.”
Treaty of Urecht, 1713
A) Results from a weakened France and the Grand Alliance maintaining a “Balance of Power” against the threatened hegemony of Louis XIV
Henry VIII
- Breaks with Rome
- Crushes Pilgrimage of Grace
- Creates Anglicanism
- Executes Robert Aske and Sir Thomas More for failure to sign Act of Supremacy
- uses the “Star Chamber” to persecute dissent
Elizabeth I on Religion
religiously tolerant
“politique” examples like her contemporary Henri IV of France
Elizabeth I on Foreign Policy and Naval Power
Pirates of the Caribbean and destruction of Spanish armada in 1588 with the help of the “Protestant Winds”
Elizabeth I on Patronage of the Art and Culture
Elizabeth’s Renaissance and Bill Shakespeare
The Virgin Queen Dies and James I is Successor
James’s DROK speecha nd sentiment offends those who believe in the “Magna Carta”. James I says he is “God’s lieutenant on Earth”.
James I’s Religious Policy in a Nutshell
Puritans to America on a “pilgrimage” (aka Puritan exile to Plymouth): WASPs settle New England
James I’s Colonies
Jamestown and Plymouth settled in North America
Charles I DROK, attempts to convert the Presbyterian Scots & Results
Charles I started a war because of his intolerance of different types of Protestantism, like the Presbyterians in Scotland.
#bigotrybadbusiness
Charles I: Civil War Between the Cavaliers and the Roundheads
Roundheads are Parliamentary forces and Cavaliers are loyal to the monarchy of Charles I. Roundheads win, and Charles is beheaded.
Cromwell and New Model Army
Cromwell’s “New Model Army” was inspired by Scripture with a zealousness in the belief that Puritanism was the best route for England.
Charles I and the rise of Puritanism as a political force in English politics and his beheading
The Puritans fought for recognition; Cromwell’s rise to power shows the rise of the Puritanical cause of Cromwell; Puritan’s “New Model Army” is instrumental in implementing “moral codes” on the population
✧ Cromwell’s 5 Points
- Brutally “conquered Ireland” - no more Irish castles
- mercantilist with the 1651 Navigation Acts
- Exploration continues in the “New World”
- religiously tolerant towards other Protestants, even relatively lenient towards Jews. Not towards Catholics however.
- war with the Netherlands over trade
Cromwell’s Puritanism
Examples in Law: closing ale houses, pubs and gin distilleries; no more dice or betting games (gambling); theatre and public music festivals “might inspire devilish thoughts” and thus closed
Cromwell’s cronies and sycophants believed that God frowned upon people when these things are done.
Pride’s Purge of Parliament in December, 1648
“New Model Army” swept out opponents in Parliament leaving only those who agreed with Army’s leaders as a “Rump Parliament”.
Essentially military takeover/’coup d’etat’ leaving England with only cronies and sycophants of the military regime.
Stuarts Restored in 1660
Results of the Interregnum in England
In 1658, Cromwell croaks. His son is no Cromwell. English wanted theatre, pubs, etc. Cromwell’s “military districts” replaced with monarchy in 1660 as Charles II becomes continuation of Stuart monarchy.
Charles II, Respect for “Magna Carta” tradition & Protestantism
learned to work with Parliament in the manner his father hadn’t understood.
James II, DROK with Catholic Child & Wife
DROK guy
- wants to raise a Catholic child to be next king which sets off fears of another religious civil war or “Bloody Mary” experience.
- a group of Parliament members invite the Dutch “stadholder” William of Orange and his wife, Mary, daughter of James II, to rule as king and queen. Coup d’etat is successful and restores Protestant succession to the throne.
William of Orange / William III
Comes to England in the 1688 in the Glorious Revolution, where he is named William III
chief antagonist of Louis XIV, the “Sun King”
William III after Glorious Revolution
fights against the English during the Dutch Naval Wars that resulted from the protectionist 1651 English Navigation Acts (before the Glorious Rev.)
Joins with the British to establish the Grand Alliance against Louis XIV’s efforts to join the French and Spanish dynasty into Bourbon hegemony. Grand Alliance was created by diplomacy of King William III, although ultimate success in peace negotiations would only be achieved long after he died in 1702.
1688 Glorious Revolution - Who Wins?
“Magna Carta” tradition, Parliament and Aristocratic elite win.
1688 Glorious Revolution - What Precedent is Set?
Parliament has equal status and makes the law and authorizes taxation to pay for expenditures of the tax dollars.
“No man is above the law.” Law is determined by elected members of the House of Commons (only for wealthy land-owning elite in 1688) and appointed members of the House of Lords. Parliament wins and centralizes power in London, albeit sharing power with aristocratic elite.
1688 Glorious Revolution
Defended by John Locke, Enlightenment philosopher
- results in Bill of Rights in 1689
FACT CARD: Catholics in the UK and US
- Catholics not emancipated in Britain until the 1630s which meant Irish Catholics could not serve in English parliament for a long time.
- America was a destination for Irish Catholics in search of food in the 1840s that held out the possibility of being more accepting to them Britain was. Irish were met by anti-immigration clubs and politicians, racist groups like the KKK, etc.
British Politics: Trends over 17th Century
movement towards limited or constitutional/Parliamentary monarchy.
“Bloody Mary”, Elizabeth I, James I and Charles I, Civil war, beheading, Cromwell’s coup and Puritanical Interregnum, Stuart Restoration, 1688 Glorious Revolution, 1689 English Bill of Rights
-> Act of Toleration except towards Roman Catholics!
French Political Trends, from Henri IV to Louis XIV
trending towards monarchial absolutism exemplified by 1661-1715 or 54 year reign of the “Sun King”, Louis XIV.
Henri IV, Richelieu, Mazarin, Louis XIV
England vs. France Political Development in the 17th Century
England’s “Limited Monarchy” vs. France’s DROK absolutism
Bishop Bosseut & Thomas Hobbes
Bossuet’s DROK absolutism vs. Hobbes’ secular absolutism to avoid “chaos”
Bossuet paid by Louis XIV and Hobbes paid by King Charles II
