2nd Quarter Dates Flashcards
1689-1789
The Era of Enlightenment or Age of Reason
1776
Adam Smith publishes Wealth of Nations calling for laissez-faire economic policies, free trade
1712-1778
Jean-Jacques Rousseau must be recognized as the link between the Enlightenment and the Romantic Era.
1689
English Bill of Rights is passed assuring Parliament’s control over taxation and asserting the English tradition of constitutionalism.
1701-1713
Wars of Spanish Succession pits France (and Spain) against the Grand Alliance who wish to fight French hegemony and maintain the balance of power.
1713
Treaty of Utrecht ends the War of Spanish Succession benefits the English, Prussians, and other members of the Grand Alliance opposing the “Sun King.”
Early 18th Century in England
Walpole becomes leader of government as de facto Prime Minister as England develops Party Politics.
1698-1725
Peter the Great Begins Westernization of Russia.
1700-1721
Great Northern War between Swedes and Russia ends with Russian expansion and emergence as the Great Baltic power.
1713 (2)
The Pragmatic Sanction is signed.
Maria Theresa ascension to the throne was legal according to this piece of paper.
1740
Frederick the Great of Prussia and Maria Theresa of Austria come to their respective Hohenzollern and Habsburg thrones and begin German dualisms duel; leads to Prussia’s emergence as a great power state
18th century
Rococo Art and Mozart
1756
Diplomatic Revolution changes the alliance system of Europe and puts Prussia in a precarious position.
1756-63
The Seven Years War (known as the French and Indian War in North America) is fought.
1780-1790
Reign of Josef II of Austria as the only “true” Enlightened Despot.
May 5, 1789
The Estates General are summoned by Louis XVI to respond to the economic crisis. This is the first meeting in 175 years.
June 20-27, 1789
The Tennis Court Oath. The 3rd Estate declares itself the National Constituent Assembly of France and makes a pledge to stay in session until a constitution in formulated.
July 14, 1789
Storming of the Bastille—Symbolic Destruction of the Old Regime Saves the National Constituent Assembly.
August 4, 1789
Abolition of feudal privileges by National Constituent Assembly
August 26, 1789
Publication of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
1790 — Civil Constitution of the Clergy
confiscates Church lands as a method of dealing with financial crisis and in an instant makes the Church the hated opponent of revolution for years to come.
1790
“Father of Modern Conservatism”, the Brit Edmund Burke predicts violent future of French Revolution in his Reflections on the French Revolution.
1791-92
Olympe de Gouges and Mary Wollstonecraft publish treatises calling for women’s equality.
1791
Royal family tries to escape in the “Flight to Varennes”.
October 21: Legislative Assembly convenes.
1792
France declares war on Austria and Prussia as a means of exporting the “universal rights of man” throughout Europe in a “crusading spirit” of secularism and “rationalism”.
September 21: Abolition of monarchy; France becomes a republic.
1793-94
Radical Phase of the French Revolution; Robespierre, Danton, and Marat
1789-91
Moderate stage of revolution dominated by those members of Third Estate originally summoned to the Estates General
1793-94
Radical Revolution eventually led by the Jacobin Party leader Robespierre.
1795-99
Conservative Directory fails to solve financial crisis or famine in France, but Napoleon is winning victories and fame and thus comes to power after abandoning his army in Egypt.
1799
Napoleon’s coup d’etat overthrows corrupt Directory.
1804 (1)
Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of 1st French Empire.
1804 (2)
England dominates the High Seas for a Century.
1812
Napoleon makes the fateful decision to invade Russia
1814
Battle of Nations—Napoleon is defeated by the Grand Alliance and Louis XVIII is restored to the throne.
1815
Napoleon escapes from exile in Elbe and flirts with a new Empire during the infamous “100 Days” before being defeated at the Battle of Waterloo
1789-1848
Romantic Era
1815 (2)
The forces of conservatism and reaction dominate the Congress of Vienna where Metternich and others attempt to re-establish the ancien regime.
1815-1914
the “Long Peace” in Europe between the Napoleonic Wars and the outbreak of WWI.
1776-1830
Era of Democratic Revolutions Sweep Across the New World and Western “Liberal” Europe
1815-1848
The Age of Metternich – Reactionary Repression
1819
Peterloo Massacre in Britain and the repressive Carslbad Decrees in the German States are examples of government opposition to liberalism in the immediate aftermath of the 25 years of French Revolution and Napoleon.
1820s
Both the conflict over the Monroe Doctrine (the English did not want to see a return to Spanish mercantilism) and the Greek Revolution (see Delacroix’s inspirational “The Massacre at Chios” and Romantic attachment to classical Greece) exposes the weakness inherent in any attempt at collective security. In this case, the Concert of Europe agreed to at the Congress of Vienna is splintered.
1830 Revolutions in Europe
Charles X abrogates the Constitutional Charter and moves to crush the forces of liberalism; the July Revolution in France establishes Louis Philippe, “the bourgeois king”, on the throne of France and starts a series of revolutions across Europe…
19th Century — Post-Napoleonic Europe —
Industrial Revolution:
- Originally begins in England during the 18th century as a result of the enclosure movement. - Large number of peasants provide cheap labor for the new textile industrial revolution in England in 17th century.
- Most of Europe would begin to industrialize along the factory system
- Workers initially suffered under horrendous conditions, but experienced gradual improvements in standard of living beginning with the 2nd/Steel Industrial Revolution
1815-1846
Corn Laws in Effect
1819
Peterloo Massacre represents repression even in England
1832
Great Reform Bill in Britain is passed extending the franchise and redistricting the “rotten boroughs” to give more representation to the growing industrial centers of Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, etc.
1830’s, 1840’s, 1850’s, 1860’s
Before George Orwell of the 1930’s, was the social critic and incredible author, Charles Dickens.
1838-1848
Chartists in England call for universal suffrage.
1798-1848
Parson Malthus’s “Essay on Population” and David Ricardo’s “Iron Law of Wages” rule the day as the “Manchester School” of economics dominates the “dismal science.”
1846
Repeal of Corn Laws in England.
1867
The Reform Bill of 1867 becomes law in England and the franchise is increased by 124%.
1848 (1)
Chartists disband quietly considering it was the year of Revolutions. This shows evolutionary nature of English society.
1884
Reform Bill
(which like the others, focused on improving the franchise)
1850’s and beyond
Scramble for Africa
1848 (2)
Revolution sweeps across Europe and Failure of liberal nationalism.
- Franz Joseph ruled Hapsburg domains as a source of conservative continuity from 1848-1915.
1848 (3)
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish their Communist Manifesto calling for “scientific socialism” and “dialectical materialism”.
1890’s
Fabian Socialist and Evolutionary Socialists Parties grow
