Dates exam flashcards
1789- - present
Modern Europe
14th century -1527
The Italian renaissance starts - Europe starts to modernize, ex - Individualism, humanism, realism and secularism
1500 or aka 16th century
The price revolution was the cause of inflationary preasures in this era caused by the growing population after the end of the black death
1492
columbus sailed the ocean blue, -Columbus sailed the ocean blue marking the beginning of Spanish colonization in the New World during the Era of Exploration, Expansion and Exploitation.
1498
The great Roman Catholic Zoalot savonavola is burned to the stake following his attempt to rid Florence of the excesses of Renaissance materialism. This is emblematic of the failure of the Latin church to examine the abuses
1516
Erasmus, “The Prince of humanists” is an example of the Northern Christian humanists. He publishs his “Praise of folly”, which critizies the church abuse and corruption
1200-1700
Witchcraft craze in Europe as Superstition and fake news is rapid during the era of religious wars - especially in the reformation era
1453-1485
War of the Roses in England—Civil War in England—the Tudors arrive on the throne: Henry VIII, “Bloody Mary” and “The Virgin Queen” were all Tudors.
1452
Gutenberg publishes the Bible on a printing press–1st Printing press in the West. Along with the use of the vernacular, this makes literacy increase.
1453
-Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks ends the Byzantine Empire and Moscow becomes the “3rd Rome ‘’ for Eastern Orthodox Christians.
1469
Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile begins the process of Spanish unification.
Also 1492
”RECONQUISTA” or “reconquest” of Spain is completed by the Roman Catholic monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella who began the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain; beginning of Spanish policy of religious orthodoxy.
1513
Machiavelli published The Prince, an illustrative example of realism and secularism in the Renaissance.
1516
Erasmus, “The Prince of Humanists”, an example of the Northern Christian Humanists
1200-1700
Witchcraft craze in Europe as superstition and “fake news” is rampant during the Era of Religious Wars!!!!—Especially potent during the Reformation Era!!!
1500 or 16th century
Price Revolution were the inflationary pressures in Europe during this era. caused by growth in population as Europe recovers from the Black Death of the 14th century.
1498
The great Roman Catholic zealot Savonarola is burned at the stake following his attempt to rid Florence of the excesses of Renaissance materialism. This is emblematic of the failure of the Latin Church to examine the abuses
1517
Protestant Reformation Begins as Luther posts his Ninety-Five Theses.
1521-1648
Era of Religious Wars in Europe.
1524-26
German Peasants’ Revolt inspired by Protestant Reformation ends in failure as the princes/aristocrats reassert serfdom in the Holy Roman Empire
1527
Sack of Rome is usually used to mark the “end” of the Italian Renaissance and the transfer of the center of Europe from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic.
1529
The Ottoman Turks lay siege to Vienna thereby distracting the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V (remember the “repeating map”) from prosecuting his war against the rebellious Lutherans within his empire.
1530s
Henry VIII of England is an example of the “New Monarchs” who take power away from the nobility by:
centralizing taxation with the establishment of monarchical bureaucracies,
monopolization of force within a nation,
creation of Royal Courts.
1492-1800
Slave trade increases dramatically
1517-1648
Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter Reformation:
1534
Protestantism comes to England as Henry VIII seeks a divorce and establishes a state controlled Church of England (a.k.a. Anglican Church)
1536
John Calvin begins working to reform the city of Geneva
1540
Council of Trent meets to decide how to reform the Catholic Church.
1546-55
schmalkaldic Wars batter Germany.
1555
Peace of Augsburg ended the civil wars in Germany round I with the recognition of Lutheran Protestant Christianity but not Calvinist Protestant Christianity.
1556
he Hapsburg lands are split between Philip II of the Spanish Branch and Ferdinand I of the Austrian branch.
1553-1558
Bloody Mary’s” attempts to re-Catholicize England backfires when the burning of over three hundred Protestants proves to rather unpopular.
1567
Dutch Wars of Independence and Religion against Philip II.
1562-1598
Edict of Nantes gives French Huguenots religious rights ending the French Wars of Religion
1588
The Spanish Armada Fails in Its Crusade Against Protestant Elizabethan England–
1598
Philip II “The Most Catholic Monarch’’ of Spain dies.
1603
Stuarts Family Comes to Power in England and Begins a Century of Political and Religious Conflict
1628
he English Parliament passes the Petition of Right against the wishes of Charles I.
1639-1646
English Civil War round I erupts
1648-58
Puritanical Protestant Oliver Cromwell rules over the “Commonwealth Period” in English history.
1649 1
Charles I is executed.
1649 2
A group of English Radicals called Levelers demand equal suffrage.
1651
Thomas Hobbes publishes Leviathan in opposition to the English Civil War and supporting SECULAR ABSOLUTISM
1660-1688
stuart Restoration in England.
1688, 1689-
Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights
1688
John Locke publishes his Second Treatise on Government,
1618
Defenestration of Prague Begins Round Two of Religious and Civil War in HRE
1648
Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War
1598-1661
17th century France following the Edict of Nantes
1650s
Cardinal Mazarin who ruthlessly employs “divide and conquer” methods against the rebellious nobility quells The French Fronde, or rebellion against the authority of the King.
1661-1715
-Louis XIV assumes personal direction of his affairs and begins his reign as the “Sun King”.
1543
Copernicus challenges the Aristotelian view of the universe. Followed by Brahe, Keppler, Bruno, Galileo, Newton.
1642
Galileo dies and Newton is born indicating the growing and evolving Scientific Revolution.
17th century
Known as the Century of Genius as Bacon, Descartes lead the path toward a greater understanding of the universe—Scientific Revolution—let us not forget Pascal who worried about science without ethics.
1687
Newton publishes “Principia”—proving heliocentric theory using calculus.
1652
The master artist Rembrandt of Holland is symbolic of the glory days of the Dutch state when he depicts the glories of Dutch culture in his painting recognizable by their sharp contrast between light and dark.
1650-1700
Golden Age of Holland and Sweden
1492- mid 19th century
century—Slave trade makes many a Christian extremely wealthy.
1683
Ottoman Turks laid siege to Vienna before Leopold I, Habsburg ruler begins to push the Turks back through the Danube River basin marks the slow decline of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans Peninsula.
1450-1650 and beyond
The Era of Enlightenment or Age of Reason
1776
Adam smith publishes wealth of Nations
1712-1778
Jean-Jacques Rousseau must be recognized as the link between the Enlightenment and the Romantic Era.
1689
-English Bill of Rights is passed assuring Parliament’s control over taxation and asserting the English tradition of constitutionalism
1701-1713
Wars of Spanish succession
1713
Treaty of Utrecht ends the War of Spanish Succession benefits the English, Prussians, and other members of the Grand Alliance opposing the “Sun King.”
Early 18th Century in England
-Walpole becomes leader of government as de facto Prime Minister as England develops Party Politics
1698-1725
-Peter the Great Begins Westernization of Russia.
1700-1721
Great Northern War between Swedes and Russia ends with Russian expansion and emergence as the Great Baltic power.
1713 2
The Pragmatic Sanction is signed.
1740
Frederick the Great of Prussia and Maria Theresa of Austria come to their respective Hohenzollern and Habsburg thrones and begin German dualisms duel.
1740 - 1748
War of Austrian Succession between Frederick’s Prussia and Maria Theresa’s Austria begins.
18th century 2
Rococo art and Mozart
1756
Diplomatic Revolution changes the alliance system of Europe
1756-1763
The Seven Years War (known as the French and Indian War in North America) is fought showing colonial rivalries.
1780-1790
Reign of Josef II of Austria
