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Victimology > Unit 3 - Chapter 5 - Victims' Contributions to the Crime Problem > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Chapter 5 - Victims' Contributions to the Crime Problem Flashcards

1
Q

Differential risks

A

Different groups and individuals face different risks

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2
Q

Cumulative risks

A

The chances of becoming a victim over the course of a lifetime

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3
Q

Comparative risks

A

Risk of experiencing different kinds of misfortunes, such as crimes, accidents, and diseases

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4
Q

International comparisons

A

Compilations of statistics showing victimization rates in various countries

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5
Q

Homicide

A

The taking of human life by a human

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6
Q

Supplementary Homicide Report (SHR)

A

An information-collection form police fill out and send to the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting Division

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7
Q

Profile

A

Statistically based portraits of the characteristics most offenders or victims share in common

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8
Q

Crime wave

A

A sudden, sharp rise in the crime rate; the opposite of a crime crash

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9
Q

Crime crash

A

An expression that describes an unanticipated, dramatic drop in the crime rate; the opposite of a crime wave or spike

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10
Q

Muggings

A

Unarmed robberies

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11
Q

Strong-arm robberies

A

Unarmed robberies

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12
Q

Muggings

A

Unarmed robberies

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13
Q

Yokings

A

Unarmed robberies

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14
Q

Trend analysis

A

Mathematical technique that uses historical results to predict future outcome

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15
Q

Instrumental coercion

A

Applying force to accomplish a goal

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16
Q

Co-presence

A

A stage during a robbery where the offender moves within striking distance without arousing either a flight or fight reaction from the target

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17
Q

Co-orientation

A

A stage during a robbery in which the offender orders the victim to surrender and comply with instructions or else suffer severe consequences

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18
Q

Punative resources

A

The ability to inflict injury

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19
Q

Likelihood or probability

A

The odds or chances of something happening

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20
Q

Attractiveness

A

How appealing a potential target is to a criminal

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21
Q

Proximity

A

Being within striking distance of an offender

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22
Q

Vulnerability

A

Susceptibility of a target to attack

23
Q

Routine activities

A

Everyday responsibilities and behaviours

24
Q

Lifestyle

A

How a person spends his or her leisure time and disposable income

25
Q

Deviant place factor

A

Certain settings attract predators and trouble-makers looking for action

26
Q

Hotspots

A

Locations where crimes repeatedly take place and police are frequently summoned

27
Q

Exposure

A

A risk factor that emphasizes how individuals and their possessions may be left unguarded and vulnerable to attack

28
Q

Cost benefit analysis

A

A process that weighs the pros and cons of adopting a certain policy

29
Q

Risk benefit analysis

A

A process that weighs the pros and cons of adopting a certain course of action

30
Q

Risk reduction activities

A

People reduce how they can be harmed (target hardening)

31
Q

Avoidance strategies

A

Precautions that crime-conscious individuals can follow to reduce their risks of being accosted by criminally inclined persons

32
Q

Risk management tactics

A

How to protect yourself from danger while still carrying out everyday activities

33
Q

Crime prevention through environmental design

A

Special architectural designs that make it more difficult for offenders to carry out their plans

34
Q

Target hardening

A

Adding locks, erecting fences, and maintaining effective surveillance, limiting the number of entrances, improving visibility by trimming bushes and adding bright lights

35
Q

Crime resistance

A

Making an offender’s task more difficult through threat assessment and advanced planning

36
Q

Crime control

A

An outlook that emphasizes the need for a firm and efficient criminal justice system as a means of protecting the law-abiding majority

37
Q

Victimization prevention

A

Precautions intended to increase the safety of particular persons

38
Q

Crime conscious

A

Aware of the risks and ways of becoming a victim

39
Q

Valve theory of crime shifts

A

Protecting one type of target deflects criminally inclined people towards a comparable target

40
Q

Equivalent group

A

An outlook that emphasizes that victims often share many characteristics with their assailants

41
Q

Selective disinhibition perspective

A

An explanation for misbehaviour due to intoxication

42
Q

Outlet attractor perspective

A

An explanation that accounts for an outbreak of crimes near certain bars and clubs

43
Q

Character contests

A

A situation in which a slur or insult leads to a confrontation that escalates into a fight because each party wants to save face by not backing down

44
Q

Classical school of free will

A

Philosophy - emphasizes the rational choices facing individuals and the consequences they must accept for making mistakes - Beccaria and Bentham

45
Q

Rational choice theory

A

An explanation for behaviour that focuses on how would-be lawbreakers (or potential victims) might weigh the costs and benefits of their voluntary actions

46
Q

Deterrence theory

A

Swift and sure punishment is the solution to the crime problem. Punishing offenders teaches them a lesson they won’t forget

47
Q

Carjacking

A

A robbery in which the offender threatens or attacks a motorist and then drives away in the vehicle

48
Q

Crime prevention

A

A social strategy intended to eradicate the social conditions that are thought to be the roots of criminal behaviour

49
Q

Felony murder

A

Murder is committed while offender is in the processes of committing another crime, such as robbery

50
Q

Infanticide

A

Killing a newborn

51
Q

Parricide

A

The killing of a parent or other near relative

52
Q

Serial murder

A

Many victims, killed over time

53
Q

Mass murder

A

Many victims, killed at the same time

54
Q

Age profile of murder victims

A

Late teens, twenties, and thirties - 2/3rds of those who died were between 17 and 39

Victimology (8 decks)

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