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Victimology > Unit 3 - Chapter 5 - Victims' Contributions to the Crime Problem > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Chapter 5 - Victims' Contributions to the Crime Problem Flashcards

1
Q

Differential risks

A

Different groups and individuals face different risks

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2
Q

Cumulative risks

A

The chances of becoming a victim over the course of a lifetime

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3
Q

Comparative risks

A

Risk of experiencing different kinds of misfortunes, such as crimes, accidents, and diseases

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4
Q

International comparisons

A

Compilations of statistics showing victimization rates in various countries

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5
Q

Homicide

A

The taking of human life by a human

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6
Q

Supplementary Homicide Report (SHR)

A

An information-collection form police fill out and send to the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting Division

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7
Q

Profile

A

Statistically based portraits of the characteristics most offenders or victims share in common

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8
Q

Crime wave

A

A sudden, sharp rise in the crime rate; the opposite of a crime crash

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9
Q

Crime crash

A

An expression that describes an unanticipated, dramatic drop in the crime rate; the opposite of a crime wave or spike

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10
Q

Muggings

A

Unarmed robberies

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11
Q

Strong-arm robberies

A

Unarmed robberies

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12
Q

Muggings

A

Unarmed robberies

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13
Q

Yokings

A

Unarmed robberies

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14
Q

Trend analysis

A

Mathematical technique that uses historical results to predict future outcome

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15
Q

Instrumental coercion

A

Applying force to accomplish a goal

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16
Q

Co-presence

A

A stage during a robbery where the offender moves within striking distance without arousing either a flight or fight reaction from the target

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17
Q

Co-orientation

A

A stage during a robbery in which the offender orders the victim to surrender and comply with instructions or else suffer severe consequences

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18
Q

Punative resources

A

The ability to inflict injury

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19
Q

Likelihood or probability

A

The odds or chances of something happening

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20
Q

Attractiveness

A

How appealing a potential target is to a criminal

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21
Q

Proximity

A

Being within striking distance of an offender

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22
Q

Vulnerability

A

Susceptibility of a target to attack

23
Q

Routine activities

A

Everyday responsibilities and behaviours

24
Q

Lifestyle

A

How a person spends his or her leisure time and disposable income

25
Deviant place factor
Certain settings attract predators and trouble-makers looking for action
26
Hotspots
Locations where crimes repeatedly take place and police are frequently summoned
27
Exposure
A risk factor that emphasizes how individuals and their possessions may be left unguarded and vulnerable to attack
28
Cost benefit analysis
A process that weighs the pros and cons of adopting a certain policy
29
Risk benefit analysis
A process that weighs the pros and cons of adopting a certain course of action
30
Risk reduction activities
People reduce how they can be harmed (target hardening)
31
Avoidance strategies
Precautions that crime-conscious individuals can follow to reduce their risks of being accosted by criminally inclined persons
32
Risk management tactics
How to protect yourself from danger while still carrying out everyday activities
33
Crime prevention through environmental design
Special architectural designs that make it more difficult for offenders to carry out their plans
34
Target hardening
Adding locks, erecting fences, and maintaining effective surveillance, limiting the number of entrances, improving visibility by trimming bushes and adding bright lights
35
Crime resistance
Making an offender's task more difficult through threat assessment and advanced planning
36
Crime control
An outlook that emphasizes the need for a firm and efficient criminal justice system as a means of protecting the law-abiding majority
37
Victimization prevention
Precautions intended to increase the safety of particular persons
38
Crime conscious
Aware of the risks and ways of becoming a victim
39
Valve theory of crime shifts
Protecting one type of target deflects criminally inclined people towards a comparable target
40
Equivalent group
An outlook that emphasizes that victims often share many characteristics with their assailants
41
Selective disinhibition perspective
An explanation for misbehaviour due to intoxication
42
Outlet attractor perspective
An explanation that accounts for an outbreak of crimes near certain bars and clubs
43
Character contests
A situation in which a slur or insult leads to a confrontation that escalates into a fight because each party wants to save face by not backing down
44
Classical school of free will
Philosophy - emphasizes the rational choices facing individuals and the consequences they must accept for making mistakes - Beccaria and Bentham
45
Rational choice theory
An explanation for behaviour that focuses on how would-be lawbreakers (or potential victims) might weigh the costs and benefits of their voluntary actions
46
Deterrence theory
Swift and sure punishment is the solution to the crime problem. Punishing offenders teaches them a lesson they won't forget
47
Carjacking
A robbery in which the offender threatens or attacks a motorist and then drives away in the vehicle
48
Crime prevention
A social strategy intended to eradicate the social conditions that are thought to be the roots of criminal behaviour
49
Felony murder
Murder is committed while offender is in the processes of committing another crime, such as robbery
50
Infanticide
Killing a newborn
51
Parricide
The killing of a parent or other near relative
52
Serial murder
Many victims, killed over time
53
Mass murder
Many victims, killed at the same time
54
Age profile of murder victims
Late teens, twenties, and thirties - 2/3rds of those who died were between 17 and 39

Victimology (8 decks)

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