Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO112 > Unit 3 Chapter 19: Bio Engineering > Flashcards

Unit 3 Chapter 19: Bio Engineering Flashcards

1
Q

What is genetic engineering

A

changing the genotype of an organism by transferring genes from one species to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is selective breeding

A
  • used to domesticate animals and plants
  • all you need is to be able to select and breed the next generation
  • you can wait for useful mutations to arise by chance or you can cross breed 2 closely related species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is gene cloning

A

moving a single gene from one organism to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 2 reasons to use genetic engineering to move genes around

A
  1. to make an organism express a new phenotype

2. to understand how the gene works

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do beta islet cells do in diabetes

A
  • in pancreas
  • sense high levels of glucose and release insulin which tells body to absorbs glucose
  • glucagon is released when there is too little glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What causes diabetes

A

beta islet cells are destroyed by an autoimmune rxn so now the body can’t regulate glucose level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Steps to integrating a new gene into an organism

A

make gene, insert into plasmid and then transform into bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Since bacteria can’t splice, genes without introns are needed how to you make these

A

make a DNA copy of the mRNA which has already been spliced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do you make a DNA copy of already spliced mRNA

A

use reverse transcriptase enzyme from retrovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the DNA copy called

A

cDNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a vector

A

plasmid you are using to carry the gene you are cloning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do you get the vector to carry your gene

A

cut plasmid so its linear, and then join end of cDNA to end of plasmid to make a circle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do we cut DNA

A

restriction enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do restriction enzymes work

A

identify a stretch of about 6 bps of a sequence and cut both ends at this point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a restriction site

A

sequence of DNA recognized by restriction enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do restriction enzymes leave

A

ragged/overhanging/sticky ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the advantage of sticky ends

A

the overhang will try to bond to a complementary overhang which make ligation rxn more efficient since sticky ends stay together

18
Q

How does cDNA stick to plasmid vector

A

DNA ligase (phosphodiester bonds)

19
Q

What are the basic steps to gene cloning

A
  • cut up plasmid vectors with restriction enzymes
  • mix with cDNAs and some ligase
  • mix that with bacteria so bacteria takes it up through transformation
  • then we have bacteria each with a plasmid containing different cDNA
20
Q

How do we know which bacteria have been transformed and which haven’t

A

put a gene on the bacteria that will show a specific phenotype on transformed bacteria and look for it (usually antibiotic resistance gene)

21
Q

What are transformation markers

A

the special phenotype you look for

22
Q

What is a cDNA library

A

allowing bacteria to grow and divide creating a little colony because bacteria represents a library of all of the mRNA (in cDNA form that can be made in a cell)

23
Q

What is a DNA probe

A

if you know the amino acid of the protein encoded by the gene you are cloning you can make one

  • it’s a piece of DNA that helps you find complementary DNA
  • look for radioactivity to find out which colony the probe is stuck to
24
Q

What is an expression vector

A

plasmid that will let the gene be expressed

25
Q

How do we make the gene be expressed

A

give it a promoter and terminator sequence so that the bacterial RNA polymerase will recognize it as a gene
-put it in an expression vector (same process as putting into regular vector)

26
Q

How do we know if our plasmid has the right number of inserts

A

gel electrophoresis

27
Q

How does gel electrophoresis work

A

DNA is negatively charged and will move through an electric field toward the positively charged electrode (cathode). If you force the DNA to move through a thick tangle of agarose fibers (long strings of sugars) the bigger pieces will have a greater tendency to get stuck and will move more slowly. So if we
purify DNA from several transformed colonies of bacteria, run each on a gel, stain the DNA with a fluorescent dye, we can find the DNA that is the right size

28
Q

What is the location of the restriction site into which you cloned your gene

A

is between the promoter, which consists of the lac promoter and the lac operator (but not the genes they control), and a terminator

29
Q

True or False: lactose can regulate the gene

A

true

30
Q

True or False: cystic fibrosis is a mendellian trait

A

true

31
Q

is cystic fibrosis the most common autosomal disease among caucasians

A

YES, its recessive though

32
Q

What is cystic fibrosis characterized by

A

respiratory problems, digestive issues, sterility inability to get rid of mucus, saltiness, mucus too dry

33
Q

How can we figure out what causes cystic fibrosis

A
  1. find mutated gene and figure out what it encodes
    2.sequence of protein can help us figure out what gene does
    (gene mapping) gets you to a group of genes not a single one
34
Q

What are restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)

A
  • variations in the sequence of a restriction site (like alleles kinda)
  • presence of them in DNA results in presence or absence of a restriction site
  • they segregate in a simple mendellian fashion
  • we can assay the presence or absence of several restriction sites
  • can be mapped like any allele
  • result in new band lengths in PCR
35
Q

How do you find RFLPs

A

LPs by looking for changes in the size of resulting DNA fragments after digesting genomic DNA with restriction enzymes

36
Q

How do you test for the presence of a specific RFLP

A

polymerase chain reaction

37
Q

What is the polymerase chain reaction

A

a method of producing large quantities of a short stretch of DNA from a known template DNA molecule

  • uses DNA polymerase
  • uses taq polymerase that loves hot temps
38
Q

What is bioinformatics

A

finding genes using a computer

39
Q

What are expressed sequence tags ESTs?

A

another way to find genes

-look for cDNAs and find genes that encode them

40
Q

So what is cystic fibrosis caused by

A
  • a mutation in the gene encoding a chloride channel that regulates the flow of chloride across the plasma membrane of epithelial cells. Specifically the flow of chloride into the lung
  • When chloride isn’t regulated correctly, mucus becomes sticky and bacteria are able to grow
41
Q

Is the cystic fibrosis allele beneficial

A

ya, heterozygous individuals for the allele are protected from typhoid fever (bacteria are not internalized efficiently)

BIO112 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions