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BIO112 > Unit 1 Chapter 4: Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Unit 1 Chapter 4: Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nucleic acid

A

a polymer made up of monomers called nucleotides

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2
Q

What are the 3 components of a nucleotide

A

5C sugar, nitrogenous base and a phosphate group (phosphate bonded to sugar which is bonded to N-base)

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3
Q

What is a sugar

A

an org. compound with a carbonyl group and several hydroxyl groups

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4
Q

Which carbon is the phosphate group attached to in the nucleotide

A

5’

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5
Q

What are the differences between RNA and DNA

A
  • ribose vs. deoxyribose
  • OH at 2’ C vs H at 2’C
  • single strand vs. double
  • hairpin vs. double helix
  • uracil vs. thymine
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6
Q

Purines

A

guanine. adenine

* larger than pyrimidines

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7
Q

Pyrimidines

A

cytosine, thymine, uracil

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8
Q

How do nucleotides polymerize to form RNA and DNA

A

by forming phosphodiester linkages through condensation rxns (between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the hydroxyl group of the sugar of another)

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9
Q

A phosphodiester linkarge joins the ______carbon on the ribose of one nucleotide to the ______carbon on the ribose of another

A

5’, 3’

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10
Q

The sugar-phosphate backbone of a nucleic acid is

A

directional (one strand goes 5’ -> 3’ and the other goes 3’ -> 5’)

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11
Q

The sequences of bases found in RNA/DNA are always written in the ____ direction

A

5’->3’

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12
Q

Where are new bases added

A

3’ end

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13
Q

The primary structure of a nucleic acid is

A

the sequence of nitrogenous bases

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14
Q

Are base pairs located in the interior or exterior of the double helix

A

interior

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15
Q

What does the phosphate group do for nucleotide

A

make it charged

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16
Q

What do N-bases do

A

store info

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17
Q

Why do organisms living in high temperatures have more C and G bases

A

because they have one more H-bond which makes them stronger

18
Q

Which carbon do N-bases bond to on the 5 C sugar

A

1st C

19
Q

What did Rosalind Franklin do

A

collected the X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA and also helped discover the double helix

20
Q

What type of bonds form between base pairs

A

H-bonds

21
Q

What does the addition of one or more phosphate groups do

A

raises the pot. energy of substrate molecules enough to make an otherwise endergonic rxn possible

22
Q

Where does most DNA and RNA synthesis occur

A

the nucleus

23
Q

What are the 2 empirical rules of DNA

A
  1. # of purines=# of pyrimidines

2. # of A and T are equal and # of C and G are equal

24
Q

DNA strands are… (direction)

A

anitparallel

25
Q

How many H bonds form between each base pairing

A
  • 2 between A and T

- 3 between C and G

26
Q

What part of DNA is hydrophob/philic/ what is the whole molecule?

A

inside is phobic, outside is philic, total is hydrophilic

27
Q

How is DNA stabilized

A

hydrophobic interactions in the interior and H-bonding between base pairs

28
Q

What is the secondary structure of DNA

A

double helix

29
Q

Who discovered the double helix

A

watson and crick with help from the findings of rosalind franklin

30
Q

How is DNA copied (3 steps)

A
  1. heat or enzyme rxns cause double helix to separate
  2. free deoxyribonucleotides form H-bonds with complementary bases on the original DNA making a template strand (direction opposite to og strand)
  3. complementary base pairing allows each double helix to be copied making 2 daughter molecules
31
Q

Is DNA or RNA more stable, why

A

DNA because it doesnt have the OH on its 2’C and its antiparallel strands form a double helix

32
Q

What are the 2 functions of a self replicating molecule

A
  1. carry info

2. perform catalysis

33
Q

What is the primary structure of RNA

A

sequence of nucleotides

34
Q

Which evolved first DNA or RNA

A

RNA

35
Q

What is the secondary structure of RNA

A
  • results from base pairing

- hair pin(single strand =loop, double =helix)

36
Q

How do the secondary structures of RNA and DNA differ

A

in RNA bases undergo H-bonding with complementary bases on the SAME strand where in DNA they bond with those on a different strand

37
Q

What is the tertiary structure of RNA

A

forms that fold distinctive 3D shapes

38
Q

What is the quaternary structure of RNA

A

associations between several RNA molecules

39
Q

What is the intermediate between the complexity of proteins and simplicity of DNA

A

RNA

40
Q

Are N-bases more accessible in the major or minor groove of the DNA helix

A

major

BIO112 (19 decks)

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