Unit 3 Ch 12 Host Defenses 1 Flashcards
An infection in which the disease symptoms are influenced by more than one colonizer is termed an ___________ infection.
Polymicrobial
The total of all microbes found on and in a normal human is referred to as the human _________
Microbiome; biota
Organisms coming from somewhere in the same human host are considered _____________.
(Becoming established, Portals of Entry: To initiate an infection, a microbe entrees the tissue of the body by characteristic route, the portal of entry. Usually the skin or a mucous membrane.
Endogenous
Organisms coming from the outside of the body are exogenous.
Inflammation;
Disease;
Infection;
Pathology;
____________ can be characterized as any deviation from the healthy state.
Disease
A pathogen is a microbe whose relationship with its host is ____________ and results in infection and ________________.
Parasitic; disease
Exogenous microbes are likely to first encounter resistance from white blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens by means of enzymes and antimicrobial chemicals.
These white blood cells are called: ___________
Phagocytes.
These cells ordinarily engulf and destroy pathogens by means of enzymes and antimicrobial chemicals
An infection in which the disease symptoms are influenced by more than one microbe is called a(n) ______________ infection.
POLYMICROBIAL; MIXED
The majority of infections are Polymicrobial, with contributions from more than one microbe, like the influenza cased by a virus and pneumonia (often caused by a bacterium). Influenza infection frequently leads to pneumonia.
- several types of skin infections are known to be caused by either Staphylococcus or Streptococcus species. When these 2 cultivated together with another common skin resident, MOraxella, both staph and strep increase their transcription of virulence factors. It is possible that the 3 of them together led to the disease symptoms.
Infection with a member of the normal biota, rather than an agent from the outside environment, is an example of an ______________ infection.
Endogenous infection
The 1st & 2nd lines of host defense are specific or nonspecific protections?
Nonspecific. Do not depend on specific acquisition.
Communication between separate fluid compartments of the body is conducted primarily through _____?
CAPILLARIES
A network of fibers & macrophages that permeates the tissues of the body is called the ____ ____ system.
MPS
Mononuclear Phagocyte System
Because it provides a passageway within & between tissues & organs, the ____ ____ system is intrinsic to the functions of the immune system.
MPS
Mononuclear phagocyte system
A compartmentalized network of vessels, cells, & protection against foreign materials is the ____ system.
Lymphatic
Major functions of the lymphatic system:
- Provides route for the extracellular fluid to return to the circulatory system proper
- drain off system for inflammmatory response
- render surveillance, recognition & protection against foreign materials through a system of lymphocytes, phagocytes & antibodies.
List the lymphoid organs
Spleen, Lymph nodes, Thymus
the flow of lymph goes what direction? Heart to extremities, or extremities to the heart?
from the extremities to the heart
Which cell types are produced in the red bone marrow?
Red blood cels, B-lymphocyte precursors, T-lymphocyte precursors
Although all blood cells originate in the bone marrow, only the ___ complete their maturation process here.
B-lymphocytes
Where T lymphocytes complete their maturation?
T lymphocytes migrate to the thymus to complete their maturation. Triangular structure two lobes in the lower neck region
List the major lymph nodes sites in the body.
3
- Armpit
- neck
- groin
Where are INGUINAL lymph nodes located?
groin
What are the lymph nodes located in the armpits called?
axillary nodes
define: Hematopoiesis
the process by which all blood cells are formed in bone marrow.
Define HEMOSTASIS
the plugging of broken blood vessels to stop bleading.
define HOMEOSTASIS
The maintenance of a stable internal environment
Generalized lymph node enlargement may indicate:
an allergic reaction, or a systemic illness, or a localized infection?
a systemic illness
B & T cells belong to a group of leukocytes called:
granulocytes, lyphocytes or monocytes?
Lymphocytes
What is the function of the SPLEEN?
filter old blood, removing worn out red cells from circulation.
Produced in the bone marrow, the cells are able to become any type of blood cell that is needed.
Pluripotential stem cells
Leukocytes (WBC) can be divided into 2 categories according to their staining patterns
- granulocytes: have dark staining granules
- agranulocytes: do not have granules, & have large nuclei.
true or false?
Monocytes & lymphocytes can be described as agranulocytes.
true. a type of leukocyte (wbc)
a phagocytic cell that has a high capacity for killing microbes & cleaning up dead cells:
lymphocyte, macrophage, eosinophil or mast cell?
macrophage
List 3 granulocytic white blood cells
eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils
Which leukocytes are involved in immunologic responses to fungal and helminth worm infections, allergy & inflammatory reactions.
Eosinophils,
a type of granulocyte
What are erythrocytes?
Red blood cells
What is the type of leukocyte, that are motile granulocytic cells that function in inflammatory events and allergies.
Basophils
Which one is the most common leukocyte and also a phagocyte?
Primary component of pus
Neutrophils
… are nonmotile cells htat are bound to connective tissue along capillaries. They release mediators such as histamine that trigger local inflammatory reactions & many allergic symptoms.
Mast cells
A group of leukocytes that include B, Natural Killer, & T cells?
Lymphocytes
A liquid connective tissue consisting of erythrocytes, leukocytes & platelets suspended in plasma is called:
lymphatic system
whole blood
wbc
The largest phagocytic white blood cell derived from a monocyte which is involved with specific immune reactions is called a tissue…..
macrophage
1st line of defense
A host barrier with an acidic pH & high fatty acid content that is inhibitory to many microbes is the ….
skin
What are the 4 mechanisms that play important roles in host defenses?
- phagocytosis
- inflammation
- fever
- antimicrobial producs
Identify the 3 main types of phagocytes:
neutrophils, dendritic cells, basophils, eosinophils, macrophages
neturophils, dendritic cells, macrophages
2nd line of defense
which of the following processes are components of the 2nd line of defense:
inflammation, fever, apoptosis, phagocytosis, antimicrobial proteins, sneezing, antibodies
Inflammation, Fever, Phagocytosis, Antimicrobial proteins
Small proteins naturally produced by white blood cells & tissue cells in response to viral infection are called:
complement proteins, pyrogens, or interferons?
Interferons IFN
What term describes the migration of white blood cells from the blood vessels into the tissue?
inflammation, chemotaxis, diapedesis, diffusion
Diapedesis
Phagocytosis 1.
Inflammation signals cause cells to migrate to the area
chemotaxis
Phagocytosis 2.
pattern recognition receptors identify and stick to foreign cells
Adhesion
(PAMs)
pathogen associated molecular patterns - red flags
What molecule is found on the surface of microbes & serves as a red flag to phagocytotic cells?
CAMP; ADP, PAMP, FERG?
PAMP
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns
List the 6 steps of Phagocytosis briefly
- Chemotaxis
- Adhesion
- Engulfment & phagosome formation
- Phagolysosome formation
- Destruction
- Elimination
What term describes a small molecule secreted by cells to regulate & control immunity & inflammation?
Sebaceous secretions, messenger, cytokine, endotoxin?
Cytokine
