Unit 3 Ch 11 Infections Between Microbes & Humans

Question 1

What is the total sum of all microbes found on and within a normal human?

Answer 1

Microbiome

Question 2

A condition in which microbes get past the host defenses, enter the tissues and multiply is called a:

Answer 2

Infection

Question 3

We may not be aware that a _______ is taking place, but when the effects cause damage or disrupt tissues and organs, we have entered the pathologic state called a(n) ________.

Answer 3

Infection; disease

Question 4

Any biological agent, a microbe, whose relationship with its host is parasitic and results in infection and disease is called a(n) ___________

Answer 4

Pathogen

Question 5

How Virulence Factors Contribute to Tissue Damage

An extracellular enzyme that may be involved in hydrolysis of nutrient macromolecules or damage to host tissues is called a(n) ________________

Answer 5

Exoenzyme

It functions in saprobic decomposition of organic debris and can be a factor in invasiveness of pathogens.

Question 6

ch 11. micro

What are the 3 ways microbes damage the host?

Answer 6

1. microbial enzymes and exo and endotoxins disrupt host cell structure or connections between host cells.
2. microbes evade intial host defenses, and the host continues to react to the presence of the microbe, causing host damage with its response
3. microbial products make epigenetic changes to the DNA and supporting structures, like histones, alternin the host genes that are expressed.

Question 8

An Infection in which the disease symptoms are influenced by more than 1 colonizer is termed a(n) _________ infection.

ch 11. interactions between microbes & Humans

Answer 8

Polymicrobial

Many scientists now believe that the majority of infections are polymicrobial, with contributions from more than 1 microbe.

Question 9

What is exoenzyme?

Answer 9

An extracellular enzyme that may damage host tissues.

Many pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoa, & worms secrete exoenzymes that break down & inflict damage on tissues. Other enzymes dissolve the host’s defense barriers & promote the spread of microbes to deeper tissues.

Question 10

Which enzyme is responsible for clotting the blood or plasma?

Answer 10

Coagulase

Question 11

Define toxin

Answer 11

A specific chemical product of microbes, plants, & some animals that is poisonous to other organisms.

Question 12

When the cumulative effects of an infection cause damage or disrupt tissues & organs, the pathologic state that results is called:

Answer 12

INFECTION

Question 13

A toxin that acts on the INTESTINES is called a(n):

Answer 13

ENTEROTOXIN

Question 14

Extracellular enzymes

mucinase enzyme

Answer 14

digests the protective coating on mucous membranes & is a factor in amoebic dysentery

Question 15

Extracellular Enzymes

Hyaluronidase

Answer 15

Digests hylauronic acid, the substance that cements animal cells together. This enzyme is an important viruelnce factor in staphylococci, clostridia, streptococci & pneumococci.

Question 16

A type of bacterial exotoxin that is capable of destroying red blood cells & causing the release of hemoglobin:

Answer 16

HEMOLYSIN

Question 17

Energy Source

Use the energy captured from sunlight to fix carbon dioxide CO2 into an organic molecule. This process called Photosynthesis

Answer 17

Photoautotrophs

Question 18

Energy source

use chemical energy to fix carbon dioxide

Answer 18

Chemoautotrophs

Question 19

Energy source

_____ use the energy captured from sunlight to fuel the reactions to build biomass from organic compounds.

Answer 19

Photoheterotrophs

Question 20

Energy source

____ derive both their energy & carbon from chemicals. Humans & their Microbiome are this.

Answer 20

Humans & their microbiome are Chemoheterotrophs.

Question 21

Microbes; Enzymes & toxins

Many pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoa and worms secrete _____ that break down & inflict damage on tissues

Answer 21

EXOENZYMES. Extracellular enzymes

Question 22

microbes

Virulance factors

Answer 22

enzymes, endotoxin & exotoxins. lead to host overreaction
Sterptococcus pneumoniae: its presence prevents the bacterium from being cleared from the lungs by phagocytic cells, leading to a continuous influx into the lung spaces & the condition we know as pneumonia.

Question 23

toxins

A toxin that is secreted & acts upon a specific cellular target:

Answer 23

Exotoxin

Question 24

The component of the gram negative outer membrane called endotoxin is also known as:

Answer 24

LPS; Lipopolysaccharide

Question 25

A bacterial exotoxin that disrupts the cell membrane of RBC, causing to burst:

Answer 25

Hemolysin

Question 26

An extracellular enzyme that may be involved in hydrolysis of nutrient macromolecules or damage to host tissues:

Answer 26

EXOENZYME

Question 27

LOCALIZED INFECTION

Answer 27

infection that are only in one location

Question 28

focal infection

Answer 28

infection in a location that is different than the initial infection

Question 29

in cases like tbc, and streptococcal pharyngitis, the infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues, resulting in a _____ infection.

Answer 29

focal

Question 30

a bacterial toxin that is not ordinarily released by instead is an integral part of gram negative cell wall:

Answer 30

Endotoxin

Question 31

type of infections

microbes that enter the body, remain confined to a specific tissue

Answer 31

Localized infection.
ex: boils, warts, fungal skin infections

Question 32

type of infections

infection spreads to several sites & tissue fluids - usually via the bloodstream - but may travel by other means such s nerves (rabies) & cerebrospinal fluid (meningitis)

Answer 32

Systemic infection
EX: mumps, rubella, chickenpox, AIDS, anthrax, typhoid, syphilis

Question 33

type of infections

infectious agent spreads from a usually asymptomatic local site and is carred to other tissues

Answer 33

Focal infection
Ex; periodontal infections leading to cardiovascular consequences

Question 34

type of infections

Several agents establish themselves simultaneously at the infection site

Answer 34

Polymicrobial/ Mixed infection
ex: Human bite infections, wound infections, gas gangrene

Question 35

type of infections

infection comes on rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects

Answer 35

Acute infection
Influenza

Question 36

type of infections

Infection that progresses & persists over a long period of time

Answer 36

Chronic infection
ex: HIV

Question 37

type of infections

A 2nd infection caused by a different microbe, which complicates a primary infection, often a result of lowered host immune defense

Answer 37

Secondary infection
influenza complicated by pneumonia, common cold complicated by bacterial otitits media

Question 39

type of infections

The initial infection in a previously healthy individual, which can later be complicated by an additional infetion caused by a different microbe:

Answer 39

Primary infection
is the initial infection

Question 40

Warning signals of Disease:

Any subjective evidence of disease that is sensed by the patient is called:

Answer 40

SYMPTOM

Question 41

Warning signals of Disease:

Any objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer:

Answer 41

SIGN

Question 42

Warning signals of Disease:

A set of signs & symptoms that defines a particular disease, it is termed:

Answer 42

SYNDROME

Question 43

A nonspecific response to tissue injury or infection that protects the host from further damage:

Answer 43

Inflammation

Question 44

A pathogen leaves its host & moves to other susceptible hosts by an avenue called …. of exit.

Answer 44

Portal

Question 45

after the initial symptoms in certain chronic infectious diseases, the infectious agent retreats into a dormant state called:

Answer 45

latency

Question 46

stages of infection

Answer 46

1. incubation period
2. prodromal stage
3. period of invasion (height of infection)
4. convalescent period (downhill)

Question 47

McGraw hill questions

the earliest symptoms of disease usually come from the activation of a nonspecific response to tissue injury through a defensive process called:

Answer 47

inflammation

Question 48

The primary habitat in the natural world form which a pathogen comes:

Answer 48

Reservoir

Question 49

Transmission of infectious agents

A disease is … when an infected host can transmit the infecious agent to another host & establish infection in that host

Answer 49

Communicable/ infectious

Question 50

Transmission of infectious agents

if the agent is highly communicable ,especially through diret contact, the disease is called:

Answer 50

contagious

Question 51

Transmission of infectious agents

infectious disease does not arise through transmission of the infectious agent from host to host:

Answer 51

Noncommunicable

Question 52

Nosocomial infections

Answer 52

hospital infection Healthcare associated infections

Question 53

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The agent that causes an infection & disease is most commonly referred to as the ….. , or causative agent.

Answer 53

etiologic.
an essential aim in the study of infection & disease is determining the precise, orcausative agent of a newly recognized condition.

Question 54

Microbial antagonism