Unit 3 Ch 11 Infections Between Microbes & Humans Flashcards
What is the total sum of all microbes found on and within a normal human?
Microbiome
A condition in which microbes get past the host defenses, enter the tissues and multiply is called a:
Infection
We may not be aware that a _______ is taking place, but when the effects cause damage or disrupt tissues and organs, we have entered the pathologic state called a(n) ________.
Infection; disease
Any biological agent, a microbe, whose relationship with its host is parasitic and results in infection and disease is called a(n) ___________
Pathogen
How Virulence Factors Contribute to Tissue Damage
An extracellular enzyme that may be involved in hydrolysis of nutrient macromolecules or damage to host tissues is called a(n) ________________
Exoenzyme
It functions in saprobic decomposition of organic debris and can be a factor in invasiveness of pathogens.
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What are the 3 ways microbes damage the host?
- microbial enzymes and exo and endotoxins disrupt host cell structure or connections between host cells.
- microbes evade intial host defenses, and the host continues to react to the presence of the microbe, causing host damage with its response
- microbial products make epigenetic changes to the DNA and supporting structures, like histones, alternin the host genes that are expressed.
An Infection in which the disease symptoms are influenced by more than 1 colonizer is termed a(n) _________ infection.
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Polymicrobial
Many scientists now believe that the majority of infections are polymicrobial, with contributions from more than 1 microbe.
What is exoenzyme?
An extracellular enzyme that may damage host tissues.
Many pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoa, & worms secrete exoenzymes that break down & inflict damage on tissues. Other enzymes dissolve the host’s defense barriers & promote the spread of microbes to deeper tissues.
Which enzyme is responsible for clotting the blood or plasma?
Coagulase
Define toxin
A specific chemical product of microbes, plants, & some animals that is poisonous to other organisms.
When the cumulative effects of an infection cause damage or disrupt tissues & organs, the pathologic state that results is called:
INFECTION
A toxin that acts on the INTESTINES is called a(n):
ENTEROTOXIN
Extracellular enzymes
mucinase enzyme
digests the protective coating on mucous membranes & is a factor in amoebic dysentery
Extracellular Enzymes
Hyaluronidase
Digests hylauronic acid, the substance that cements animal cells together. This enzyme is an important viruelnce factor in staphylococci, clostridia, streptococci & pneumococci.
A type of bacterial exotoxin that is capable of destroying red blood cells & causing the release of hemoglobin:
HEMOLYSIN
Energy Source
Use the energy captured from sunlight to fix carbon dioxide CO2 into an organic molecule. This process called Photosynthesis
Photoautotrophs
Energy source
use chemical energy to fix carbon dioxide
Chemoautotrophs
Energy source
_____ use the energy captured from sunlight to fuel the reactions to build biomass from organic compounds.
Photoheterotrophs
Energy source
____ derive both their energy & carbon from chemicals. Humans & their Microbiome are this.
Humans & their microbiome are Chemoheterotrophs.
Microbes; Enzymes & toxins
Many pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoa and worms secrete _____ that break down & inflict damage on tissues
EXOENZYMES. Extracellular enzymes
microbes
Virulance factors
enzymes, endotoxin & exotoxins. lead to host overreaction
Sterptococcus pneumoniae: its presence prevents the bacterium from being cleared from the lungs by phagocytic cells, leading to a continuous influx into the lung spaces & the condition we know as pneumonia.
toxins
A toxin that is secreted & acts upon a specific cellular target:
Exotoxin
The component of the gram negative outer membrane called endotoxin is also known as:
LPS; Lipopolysaccharide
A bacterial exotoxin that disrupts the cell membrane of RBC, causing to burst:
Hemolysin
An extracellular enzyme that may be involved in hydrolysis of nutrient macromolecules or damage to host tissues:
EXOENZYME
LOCALIZED INFECTION
infection that are only in one location
focal infection
infection in a location that is different than the initial infection
in cases like tbc, and streptococcal pharyngitis, the infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues, resulting in a _____ infection.
focal
a bacterial toxin that is not ordinarily released by instead is an integral part of gram negative cell wall:
Endotoxin
type of infections
microbes that enter the body, remain confined to a specific tissue
Localized infection.
ex: boils, warts, fungal skin infections
type of infections
infection spreads to several sites & tissue fluids - usually via the bloodstream - but may travel by other means such s nerves (rabies) & cerebrospinal fluid (meningitis)
Systemic infection
EX: mumps, rubella, chickenpox, AIDS, anthrax, typhoid, syphilis
type of infections
infectious agent spreads from a usually asymptomatic local site and is carred to other tissues
Focal infection
Ex; periodontal infections leading to cardiovascular consequences
type of infections
Several agents establish themselves simultaneously at the infection site
Polymicrobial/ Mixed infection
ex: Human bite infections, wound infections, gas gangrene
type of infections
infection comes on rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects
Acute infection
Influenza
type of infections
Infection that progresses & persists over a long period of time
Chronic infection
ex: HIV
type of infections
A 2nd infection caused by a different microbe, which complicates a primary infection, often a result of lowered host immune defense
Secondary infection
influenza complicated by pneumonia, common cold complicated by bacterial otitits media
type of infections
The initial infection in a previously healthy individual, which can later be complicated by an additional infetion caused by a different microbe:
Primary infection
is the initial infection
Warning signals of Disease:
Any subjective evidence of disease that is sensed by the patient is called:
SYMPTOM
Warning signals of Disease:
Any objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer:
SIGN
Warning signals of Disease:
A set of signs & symptoms that defines a particular disease, it is termed:
SYNDROME
A nonspecific response to tissue injury or infection that protects the host from further damage:
Inflammation
A pathogen leaves its host & moves to other susceptible hosts by an avenue called …. of exit.
Portal
after the initial symptoms in certain chronic infectious diseases, the infectious agent retreats into a dormant state called:
latency
stages of infection
- incubation period
- prodromal stage
- period of invasion (height of infection)
- convalescent period (downhill)
McGraw hill questions
the earliest symptoms of disease usually come from the activation of a nonspecific response to tissue injury through a defensive process called:
inflammation
The primary habitat in the natural world form which a pathogen comes:
Reservoir
Transmission of infectious agents
A disease is … when an infected host can transmit the infecious agent to another host & establish infection in that host
Communicable/ infectious
Transmission of infectious agents
if the agent is highly communicable ,especially through diret contact, the disease is called:
contagious
Transmission of infectious agents
infectious disease does not arise through transmission of the infectious agent from host to host:
Noncommunicable
Nosocomial infections
hospital infection Healthcare associated infections
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The agent that causes an infection & disease is most commonly referred to as the ….. , or causative agent.
etiologic.
an essential aim in the study of infection & disease is determining the precise, orcausative agent of a newly recognized condition.
Microbial antagonism
