Unit 3: Cell Structure, Function, Transport, and Energy

Question 1

Active Transport

Answer 1

The movement of particles from low to high concentration (against the concentration gradient); requires ATP/energy

Question 2

Adaptation

Answer 2

Inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival

Question 3

Aerobic Respiration

Answer 3

a form of cellular respiration that requires oxygen in order to generate ATP

Question 4

Alcoholic Fermentation

Answer 4

anaerobic respiration that makes 2 ATP from each glucose molecule, carbon dioxide, and alcohol; carried out by yeast and bacteria

Question 5

Anaerobic Respiration

Answer 5

a form of cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen and generates less ATP

Question 6

ATP

Answer 6

adenosine triphosphate; energy-storing molecule of cells; energy is stored in the bonds between the phosphates

Question 7

Cell Wall

Answer 7

additional layer found outside of the cell membrane in plants, fungi, bacteria, and some protists; offers additional support and protection

Question 8

Cell/ Plasma Membrane

Answer 8

thin, flexible structure that provides protection and support to a cell and separates it from the outside environment

Question 9

Cellular Respiration

Answer 9

burning glucose to make ATP; 36-38 ATP are formed from each glucose molecule; carried out by all organisms; occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells

Question 10

Centrioles

Answer 10

organelle found in animal cells that the spindle fibers grow out of

Question 11

Chlorophyll

Answer 11

green pigment found in chloroplast that traps light for photosynthesis

Question 12

Chloroplasts

Answer 12

organelle that contains the green pigment chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis; makes glucose

Question 13

Cilia

Answer 13

short, hair-like projections found in eukaryotes that are used for movement (protists) and that line the respiratory tracts of animals

Question 14

Concentration Gradient

Answer 14

a difference in concentration of a substance across a cell membrane/space

Question 15

Compound Light Microscope

Answer 15

a microscope that shines light through a specimen and has two lenses to magnify an object

Question 16

Diffusion

Answer 16

the simplest form of passive transport; the net movement of particles down a concentration gradient (from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration, “balancing act”)

Question 16

Contractile vacuole

Answer 16

specialized vacuole in paramecium that allows them to live in freshwater environments by constantly pumping water out

Question 17

Cytoplasm

Answer 17

gel-,ike material made mostly of water that surrounds the organelles inside a cell

Question 18

Dynamic Equilibrium

Answer 18

a state in which there is no concentration gradient; particles are evenly distributed and continue to move across the cell membrane/space

Question 18

DNA

Answer 18

deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic code of life

Question 19

Electron Microscope

Answer 19

uses a beam of electrons to magnify an object; much more powerful than a compound light microscope

Question 20

Eyespot

Answer 20

an organelle that the protist euglena uses to detect light

Question 21

Flagella

Answer 21

an organelle that is a long, whip-like tail that is used for movement

Question 22

Glucose

Answer 22

simple sugar made during photosynthesis and burned during cellular respiration

Question 23

Homeostasis

Answer 23

maintaining a stable constant internal environment

Question 24

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Answer 24

anaerobic respiration that makes 2 ATP from each glucose molecule and lactic acid which causes muscle soreness/cramps

Question 25

Lysosome

Answer 25

a eukaryotic organelle that contains digestive enzymes for breaking down worn out cell parts and engulfed viruses/bacteria

Question 26

Mitochondria

Answer 26

organelle that is the site of cellular respiration; makes ATP

Question 27

Nucleus

Answer 27

organelle that contains the DNA/chromosomes; sometimes referred to as the “command and control center” of the cell

Question 28

Organelle

Answer 28

structure inside a cell that performs a certain function

Question 29

Osmosis

Answer 29

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane;

Question 30

Passive Transport

Answer 30

movement of molecules from high to low concentration (down the concentration gradient); doesn’t require ATP

Question 31

Phospholipid Bilayer

Answer 31

another name for the cell membrane which is made up of two layers of phospholipids

Question 32

Photosynthesis

Answer 32

process carried out by plants, some protists, and some bacteria in which carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose (food) and oxygen; occurs in the chloroplast of eukaryotic cells

Question 33

Protein Synthesis

Answer 33

the process of making proteins that include s transcription and translation

Question 34

Ribosomes

Answer 34

organelle that ,makes proteins; only organelle not bound by a membrane

Question 35

Pseudopod

Answer 35

“false-feet” of cytoplasmic extensions made by amoeba (protists) that help them engulf food and move through water

Question 36

Semi-permeable

Answer 36

characteristics of the cell membrane in which some substances are allowed to cross but not others

Question 37

Solute

Answer 37

the dissolved substance in a solution; ex. salt or sugar

Question 38

Solution

Answer 38

mixture in which one substance dissolves another

Question 39

Solvent

Answer 39

the substance that dissolves the solute; ex. water

Question 40

Total Magnification

Answer 40

can be obtained by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the ocular lens/eyepiece

Question 41

Turgor Pressure

Answer 41

force created in a cell when water flows in and the cell membrane pushes against the cell wall

Question 42

Vacuoles

Answer 42

storage organelle for food, water, and wasyes

Question 43

Vascular Tissues (xylem/phloem)

Answer 43

specialized tissue in plants that carries water and nutrients; xylem and phloem