Unit #3: Cell Structure

Question 1

What are the two categories of microscopy used to study cells?

Answer 1

Light and electron microscopy

Question 2

What does prokaryotic DNA look like?

Answer 2

1 long circular chromosome called a plasmid.

Question 3

Define horizontal gene transfer.

Answer 3

When prokaryotes get close enough to swap DNA between plasmids.

Question 4

What is the endomembrane theory?

Answer 4

The theory that the plasma membrane of an early eukaryote folded in on itself, leading to the endomembrane system.

Question 5

What is the function of the endomembrane system?

Answer 5

Specialization of organelles.

Question 6

What protein is responsible for coiling up and condensing DNA

Answer 6

Histones

Question 7

Chromatin vs Chromosomes

Answer 7

Chromatin is uncondensed DNA , whereas chromosomes are the condensed version of DNA.

Question 8

Euchromatin vs. Heterochromatin

Answer 8

Euchromatin is very loose DNA, but heterochromatin is when the histones start to coil the DNA.

Question 9

Is the section of the chromosome that is coiled up readable? Why/why not

Answer 9

No, because of how tightly coiled it is, the genes are inaccessible

Question 10

What type of membrane does the nucleus have, and what does that mean in regards to its selectivity?

Answer 10

Double membrane, therefore 4 phospholipid bilayers, therefore HIGHLY selective.

Question 11

What maintains the shape of the nucleus?

Answer 11

Microtubules and proteins.

Question 12

Where can ribosomes be found?

Answer 12

In the rough ER or cytosol

Question 13

Where and what is the function of the nucleolus?

Answer 13

In the center of the nucleus, synthesizes ribosomes.

Question 14

Which organelles makeup the endomembrane system?

Answer 14

Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, vesicles, lysosomes, vacuoles, endosomes.

Question 15

What is the primary role of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 15

To synthesize macromolecules.

Question 16

What are the features of the rough ER?

Answer 16

Ribosomes are attached, proteins are synthesized

Question 17

What are the features of the smooth ER?

Answer 17

Synthesizes lipids and carbs, stores calcium.

Question 18

Is more rough or smooth ER present in muscle cells?

Answer 18

Smooth, because that is where calcium is stored.

Question 19

What is the main role of the Golgi body?

Answer 19

To edit/process macromolecules.

Question 20

What face of the Golgi is used to receive product, and where is it located?

Answer 20

The cis-face of the Golgi receives product, and it is located on the end of the Golgi facing the ER, since the product it receives is synthesized there.

Question 21

Which face of the Golgi is used to ship modified product?

Answer 21

The trans face, located away from the ER.

Question 22

What is the role of lysosomes?

Answer 22

To combine with another cell break something down.

Question 23

Describe phagocytosis and the role of lysosomes in the process.

Answer 23

An outside food particle comes into a vacuole, which then combines with a lysosome containing digestive enzymes which break down this outside particle.

Question 24

Describe autophagy and the role of lysosomes in the process.

Answer 24

Material already existing in a cell is in a vesicle with Peroxisome, which then combines with a lysosome to break down said material and Peroxisome.

Question 25

What are the main purposes of plant cell vacuoles.

Answer 25

Storage, osmosis and digestion

Question 26

What can a plant cell vacuole store?

Answer 26

Defensive compounds, ex. compounds that make plant taste bitter so it doesn't get eaten.

Question 27

What is the main purpose of the mitochondria?

Answer 27

To convert energy to ATP through processes such as the citric acid cycle, glycolysis and the electron transport chain.

Question 28

Which organelle contains ribosomes?

Answer 28

Mitochondria

Question 29

What is the main purpose of the chloroplast.

Answer 29

Photosynthesis.

Question 30

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 30

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules.

Question 31

Describe the structure and purpose of microfilaments.

Answer 31

Made up of woven actin proteins that promote cytoplasmic streaming in plants and promote ameboid movement.

Question 32

Describe the structure and purpose of intermediate filaments.

Answer 32

Coiled, supports cell shape and structure and anchors organelles.

Question 33

Describe the structure and purpose of microtubules.

Answer 33

Tubes that support locomotion.

Question 34

Name an process in which microtubules are used.

Answer 34

Movement of transport vesicles, movement of DNA in cell division.

Question 35

What is the purpose of the cell wall?

Answer 35

To protect from hypotonic environments, so too much/little water coming in and out of the cell won't have a huge impact on it.

Question 36

What is the cell wall made up of?

Answer 36

Structural carbohydrates.

Question 37

What are the junctions used for adhesion?

Answer 37

Tight and anchor junctions

Question 38

What type of cell junction is used for communication in animals?

Answer 38

Gap junctions

Question 39

What type of cell junction is used for communication in plants?

Answer 39

Plasmodesmata

Question 40

What is an integrin?

Answer 40

A transmembrane protein that allows for material to move in and out of the cell.

Question 41

What is the function of the glycoproteins and collagen in the extracellular environment?

Answer 41

To hold the cells together