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BIOL1020 > Unit #3: Cell Structure > Flashcards

Unit #3: Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two categories of microscopy used to study cells?

A

Light and electron microscopy

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2
Q

What does prokaryotic DNA look like?

A

1 long circular chromosome called a plasmid.

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3
Q

Define horizontal gene transfer.

A

When prokaryotes get close enough to swap DNA between plasmids.

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4
Q

What is the endomembrane theory?

A

The theory that the plasma membrane of an early eukaryote folded in on itself, leading to the endomembrane system.

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5
Q

What is the function of the endomembrane system?

A

Specialization of organelles.

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6
Q

What protein is responsible for coiling up and condensing DNA

A

Histones

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7
Q

Chromatin vs Chromosomes

A

Chromatin is uncondensed DNA , whereas chromosomes are the condensed version of DNA.

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8
Q

Euchromatin vs. Heterochromatin

A

Euchromatin is very loose DNA, but heterochromatin is when the histones start to coil the DNA.

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9
Q

Is the section of the chromosome that is coiled up readable? Why/why not

A

No, because of how tightly coiled it is, the genes are inaccessible

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10
Q

What type of membrane does the nucleus have, and what does that mean in regards to its selectivity?

A

Double membrane, therefore 4 phospholipid bilayers, therefore HIGHLY selective.

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11
Q

What maintains the shape of the nucleus?

A

Microtubules and proteins.

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12
Q

Where can ribosomes be found?

A

In the rough ER or cytosol

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13
Q

Where and what is the function of the nucleolus?

A

In the center of the nucleus, synthesizes ribosomes.

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14
Q

Which organelles makeup the endomembrane system?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, vesicles, lysosomes, vacuoles, endosomes.

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15
Q

What is the primary role of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

To synthesize macromolecules.

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16
Q

What are the features of the rough ER?

A

Ribosomes are attached, proteins are synthesized

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17
Q

What are the features of the smooth ER?

A

Synthesizes lipids and carbs, stores calcium.

18
Q

Is more rough or smooth ER present in muscle cells?

A

Smooth, because that is where calcium is stored.

19
Q

What is the main role of the Golgi body?

A

To edit/process macromolecules.

20
Q

What face of the Golgi is used to receive product, and where is it located?

A

The cis-face of the Golgi receives product, and it is located on the end of the Golgi facing the ER, since the product it receives is synthesized there.

21
Q

Which face of the Golgi is used to ship modified product?

A

The trans face, located away from the ER.

22
Q

What is the role of lysosomes?

A

To combine with another cell break something down.

23
Q

Describe phagocytosis and the role of lysosomes in the process.

A

An outside food particle comes into a vacuole, which then combines with a lysosome containing digestive enzymes which break down this outside particle.

24
Q

Describe autophagy and the role of lysosomes in the process.

A

Material already existing in a cell is in a vesicle with Peroxisome, which then combines with a lysosome to break down said material and Peroxisome.

25
Q

What are the main purposes of plant cell vacuoles.

A

Storage, osmosis and digestion

26
Q

What can a plant cell vacuole store?

A

Defensive compounds, ex. compounds that make plant taste bitter so it doesn’t get eaten.

27
Q

What is the main purpose of the mitochondria?

A

To convert energy to ATP through processes such as the citric acid cycle, glycolysis and the electron transport chain.

28
Q

Which organelle contains ribosomes?

A

Mitochondria

29
Q

What is the main purpose of the chloroplast.

A

Photosynthesis.

30
Q

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules.

31
Q

Describe the structure and purpose of microfilaments.

A

Made up of woven actin proteins that promote cytoplasmic streaming in plants and promote ameboid movement.

32
Q

Describe the structure and purpose of intermediate filaments.

A

Coiled, supports cell shape and structure and anchors organelles.

33
Q

Describe the structure and purpose of microtubules.

A

Tubes that support locomotion.

34
Q

Name an process in which microtubules are used.

A

Movement of transport vesicles, movement of DNA in cell division.

35
Q

What is the purpose of the cell wall?

A

To protect from hypotonic environments, so too much/little water coming in and out of the cell won’t have a huge impact on it.

36
Q

What is the cell wall made up of?

A

Structural carbohydrates.

37
Q

What are the junctions used for adhesion?

A

Tight and anchor junctions

38
Q

What type of cell junction is used for communication in animals?

A

Gap junctions

39
Q

What type of cell junction is used for communication in plants?

A

Plasmodesmata

40
Q

What is an integrin?

A

A transmembrane protein that allows for material to move in and out of the cell.

41
Q

What is the function of the glycoproteins and collagen in the extracellular environment?

A

To hold the cells together

BIOL1020 (13 decks)

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