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biomed HBS > unit 3 - cardiopulmonary, immune, skin > Flashcards

unit 3 - cardiopulmonary, immune, skin Flashcards

suffer

1
Q

Left (main) coronary artery

A

Supplies blood to left side of heart

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2
Q

Left Anterior Descending Artery

A

Branches off from left main coronary artery and supplies anterior left side of heart

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3
Q

Circumflex Artery

A

Branches off from left coronary artery and surrounds heart; supplies blood to posterior and lateral heart

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4
Q

Right Coronary Artery

A

Supplies blood to the right ventricle, right atrium, and SA and AV nodes

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5
Q

Vein layers (superficial to deep)

A

Tunica externa
Tunica media (smooth muscle + inner elastin)
Connective tissue
Endothelium
Valve
Lumen

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6
Q

Upper veins

A

Superior vena cava
Subclavian
Axillary
Cephalic
Basilic

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7
Q

Upper arteries

A

Brachial
Subclavian
Axillary
Radial
Ulnar

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8
Q

Lower veins

A

Inferior vena cava
Iliac
Femoral
Popliteal

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9
Q

Lower arteries

A

Descending aorta
Iliac
Femoral
Popliteal

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10
Q

Blood pressure

A

Systolic / diastolic

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11
Q

Cardiac output (def. + equation)

A

How much blood is pumped by both ventricles in one minute
C. output = (Heart rate)(stroke volume)

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12
Q

Stroke volume

A

How much blood is pumped out of the heart with each heartbeat; mL per beat (not per minute)

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13
Q

Pulse points

A

Carotid, brachial, radial, ulnar, femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis

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14
Q

ABI calculation

A

Higher ankle pressure / higher arm pressure

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15
Q

mL to L

A

1000 mL = 1 L

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16
Q

Purkinje fibers + bundle of His function

A

Conduct the electrical signal from the SA and AV nodes down to the ventricles

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17
Q

Electrical pathway

A

SA node -> AV node (delays ventricular contraction) -> bundle of His -> bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers -> ventricles contract -> cycle repeats

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18
Q

Right lung sections

A

Horizontal fissure - between superior and middle lobes
Oblique fissure - between middle and inferior lobes

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19
Q

Left lung sections

A

Oblique fissure - between inferior and superior lobes

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20
Q

Conduction zone

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and most bronchioles

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21
Q

Respiratory zone

A

Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

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22
Q

Epiglottis

A

Flap of tissue beneath the tongue at the back of the throat; prevents food and liquid from entering the lungs / pharynx

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23
Q

Punctured lung

A

A hole in the lungs causes air to escape into the pleural space (between the chest wall and lung)

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24
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis

A

The walls of the alveoli (epithelial tissue) become thick and scarred, making it harder for oxygen to diffuse in and out of capillaries

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25
Lung cancer
Epithelial cells lining the trachea, bronchi, or lung tissue divide out of control, taking up space and nutrients from original cells
26
Common cold
Bronchi swell and produce excess mucus
27
Normal pulse ox
95-100% Values below 92% are concerning
28
Spirometry test
Measures lung volume when breathing normally and with maximum effort
29
TV
Tidal volume - the volume of air breathed in and out without conscious effort
30
IRV
Inspiratory Reserve Volume - the additional amount of air that can be inhaled (on top of tidal volume - normal air) when breathing with maximum effort
31
ERV
Expiratory Reserve Volume - the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation (TV)
32
VC
Vital Capacity - the total amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation VC = TV + IRV + ERV
33
RV
Residual volume - how much air remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation (lungs are never completely emptied in healthy conditions)
34
TLC
Total Lung Capacity - total lung volume TLC = VC + RV TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV
35
FEV1
The maximum amount of air that can forcefully be exhaled in one second
36
LDL
Lipoprotein that transports cholesterol to cells
37
HDL
Lipoprotein that transports excess cholesterol in the bloodstream to the liver
38
P wave
SA node fires; signal travels to atria, causing them to depolarize and contract
39
PQ interval
How long it takes for the signal to travel from SA -> AV
40
QRS complex
After signal reaches AV node, ventricles depolarize and prepare to contract
41
ST interval
Ventricles contract
42
T wave
Ventricles repolarize (relax)
43
Depolarize and repolarize
Depolarize = preparation to contract Repolarize = relax
44
Layers of skin (deep to superficial)
Muscle fibers, subcutaneous fatty tissue, dermis, epidermis
45
Thymus
Location where T-cells develop
46
Spleen
Helps filter blood and replace old RBCs
47
Liver
Filters out foreign substances from blood
48
Bone marrow
Produces RBCs and WBCs (B-cells)
49
Main lymphatic vessels
Right lymphatic duct (drains right arm, right right side of chest, and right side of head/neck) and thoracic duct (drains rest of body)
50
Epidermis function and structure
Makes new skin and provides skin color Layers (superficial to deep) Corneocytes Keratinocytes Basal keratinocytes
51
Dermis structure/function
Contains collagen and elastin; secretes oil and sweat, grows hair, and contains blood vessels/nerves
52
Affrent vessel
Unfiltered lymph enters
53
Effrent vessel
Filtered lymph leaves
54
Germinal center
Produces memory B cells
55
Immunology in the skin
1) Dendritic cells / keratinocytes in the epidermis sense damage to the tissue through cellular receptors 2) Keratinocytes produce antimicrobial peptides that can directly kill bacteria 3) Messengers like interleukin 1 activate dendritic cells in the dermis; chemokines recruit neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells 4) Dendritic cells migrate to lymph nodes 5) Dendritic cells present antigen to T cells 6) T cells differentiate into effector T cells 7) Killer T cells migrate to skin to kill affected keratinocytes 8) Memory b cells remain in skin
56
Incubation stage
Antigen is engulfed by macrophage & presented to helper T cell
57
Prodromal period
Helper T cell shows antigen to B cell
58
Convalescence period
Antibody concentrations decline as infections end
59
Eye light path
Cornea -> pupil -> lens -> retina -> nerve signals ->brain
60
Cornea function
Focuses light onto lens
61
Iris function
Controls size of pupil to let in more/less light
62
Pupil function
Light enters through the pupil
63
Aqueous humor
Humor that provides nutrients to the cornea (anterior)
64
Vitreous humor
Humor that provides eye shape (more posterior than aqueous)

biomed HBS (4 decks)

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