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biomed HBS > unit 3 - cardiopulmonary, immune, skin > Flashcards

unit 3 - cardiopulmonary, immune, skin Flashcards

suffer

1
Q

Left (main) coronary artery

A

Supplies blood to left side of heart

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2
Q

Left Anterior Descending Artery

A

Branches off from left main coronary artery and supplies anterior left side of heart

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3
Q

Circumflex Artery

A

Branches off from left coronary artery and surrounds heart; supplies blood to posterior and lateral heart

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4
Q

Right Coronary Artery

A

Supplies blood to the right ventricle, right atrium, and SA and AV nodes

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5
Q

Vein layers (superficial to deep)

A

Tunica externa
Tunica media (smooth muscle + inner elastin)
Connective tissue
Endothelium
Valve
Lumen

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6
Q

Upper veins

A

Superior vena cava
Subclavian
Axillary
Cephalic
Basilic

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7
Q

Upper arteries

A

Brachial
Subclavian
Axillary
Radial
Ulnar

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8
Q

Lower veins

A

Inferior vena cava
Iliac
Femoral
Popliteal

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9
Q

Lower arteries

A

Descending aorta
Iliac
Femoral
Popliteal

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10
Q

Blood pressure

A

Systolic / diastolic

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11
Q

Cardiac output (def. + equation)

A

How much blood is pumped by both ventricles in one minute
C. output = (Heart rate)(stroke volume)

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12
Q

Stroke volume

A

How much blood is pumped out of the heart with each heartbeat; mL per beat (not per minute)

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13
Q

Pulse points

A

Carotid, brachial, radial, ulnar, femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis

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14
Q

ABI calculation

A

Higher ankle pressure / higher arm pressure

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15
Q

mL to L

A

1000 mL = 1 L

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16
Q

Purkinje fibers + bundle of His function

A

Conduct the electrical signal from the SA and AV nodes down to the ventricles

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17
Q

Electrical pathway

A

SA node -> AV node (delays ventricular contraction) -> bundle of His -> bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers -> ventricles contract -> cycle repeats

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18
Q

Right lung sections

A

Horizontal fissure - between superior and middle lobes
Oblique fissure - between middle and inferior lobes

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19
Q

Left lung sections

A

Oblique fissure - between inferior and superior lobes

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20
Q

Conduction zone

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and most bronchioles

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21
Q

Respiratory zone

A

Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

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22
Q

Epiglottis

A

Flap of tissue beneath the tongue at the back of the throat; prevents food and liquid from entering the lungs / pharynx

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23
Q

Punctured lung

A

A hole in the lungs causes air to escape into the pleural space (between the chest wall and lung)

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24
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis

A

The walls of the alveoli (epithelial tissue) become thick and scarred, making it harder for oxygen to diffuse in and out of capillaries

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25
Q

Lung cancer

A

Epithelial cells lining the trachea, bronchi, or lung tissue divide out of control, taking up space and nutrients from original cells

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26
Q

Common cold

A

Bronchi swell and produce excess mucus

27
Q

Normal pulse ox

A

95-100%
Values below 92% are concerning

28
Q

Spirometry test

A

Measures lung volume when breathing normally and with maximum effort

29
Q

TV

A

Tidal volume - the volume of air breathed in and out without conscious effort

30
Q

IRV

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume - the additional amount of air that can be inhaled (on top of tidal volume - normal air) when breathing with maximum effort

31
Q

ERV

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume - the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation (TV)

32
Q

VC

A

Vital Capacity - the total amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation
VC = TV + IRV + ERV

33
Q

RV

A

Residual volume - how much air remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation (lungs are never completely emptied in healthy conditions)

34
Q

TLC

A

Total Lung Capacity - total lung volume
TLC = VC + RV
TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV

35
Q

FEV1

A

The maximum amount of air that can forcefully be exhaled in one second

36
Q

LDL

A

Lipoprotein that transports cholesterol to cells

37
Q

HDL

A

Lipoprotein that transports excess cholesterol in the bloodstream to the liver

38
Q

P wave

A

SA node fires; signal travels to atria, causing them to depolarize and contract

39
Q

PQ interval

A

How long it takes for the signal to travel from SA -> AV

40
Q

QRS complex

A

After signal reaches AV node, ventricles depolarize and prepare to contract

41
Q

ST interval

A

Ventricles contract

42
Q

T wave

A

Ventricles repolarize (relax)

43
Q

Depolarize and repolarize

A

Depolarize = preparation to contract
Repolarize = relax

44
Q

Layers of skin (deep to superficial)

A

Muscle fibers, subcutaneous fatty tissue, dermis, epidermis

45
Q

Thymus

A

Location where T-cells develop

46
Q

Spleen

A

Helps filter blood and replace old RBCs

47
Q

Liver

A

Filters out foreign substances from blood

48
Q

Bone marrow

A

Produces RBCs and WBCs (B-cells)

49
Q

Main lymphatic vessels

A

Right lymphatic duct (drains right arm, right right side of chest, and right side of head/neck) and thoracic duct (drains rest of body)

50
Q

Epidermis function and structure

A

Makes new skin and provides skin color

Layers (superficial to deep)
Corneocytes
Keratinocytes
Basal keratinocytes

51
Q

Dermis structure/function

A

Contains collagen and elastin; secretes oil and sweat, grows hair, and contains blood vessels/nerves

52
Q

Affrent vessel

A

Unfiltered lymph enters

53
Q

Effrent vessel

A

Filtered lymph leaves

54
Q

Germinal center

A

Produces memory B cells

55
Q

Immunology in the skin

A

1) Dendritic cells / keratinocytes in the epidermis sense damage to the tissue through cellular receptors
2) Keratinocytes produce antimicrobial peptides that can directly kill bacteria
3) Messengers like interleukin 1 activate dendritic cells in the dermis; chemokines recruit neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells
4) Dendritic cells migrate to lymph nodes
5) Dendritic cells present antigen to T cells
6) T cells differentiate into effector T cells
7) Killer T cells migrate to skin to kill affected keratinocytes
8) Memory b cells remain in skin

56
Q

Incubation stage

A

Antigen is engulfed by macrophage & presented to helper T cell

57
Q

Prodromal period

A

Helper T cell shows antigen to B cell

58
Q

Convalescence period

A

Antibody concentrations decline as infections end

59
Q

Eye light path

A

Cornea -> pupil -> lens -> retina -> nerve signals ->brain

60
Q

Cornea function

A

Focuses light onto lens

61
Q

Iris function

A

Controls size of pupil to let in more/less light

62
Q

Pupil function

A

Light enters through the pupil

63
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Humor that provides nutrients to the cornea (anterior)

64
Q

Vitreous humor

A

Humor that provides eye shape (more posterior than aqueous)

biomed HBS (4 decks)

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