2.1: getting nervous

Question 1

Breathing is controlled by

Answer 1

Brain stem (medulla oblongata)

Question 2

Language understanding is controlled by

Answer 2

Wernicki’s Area (in the temporal lobe)

Question 3

Speech production is controlled by

Answer 3

Broca’s Area (frontal lobe)

Question 4

Gyri and sulci

Answer 4

Gyri are ridges on the cerebral cortex, typically surrounded by sulci (depressions or furrows); increase brain’s surface area

Question 5

Brachial plexus

Answer 5

Begins in the root of the neck and passes through the entire upper extremity, including the clavicular region and branching into the radial, ulnar, and median nerves

Question 6

Ulnar nerve

Answer 6

Originates from the brachial plexus near the shoulder socket; travels medially over the inside of the elbow and between the radius and ulna; innervates the pinky and half the ring finger of each hand

Question 7

Radial nerve

Answer 7

Originates from the brachial plexus near the armpit; runs laterally down the back of the arm, down the radius, innervating the back (dorsal) part of the thumb, index finger, and middle finger

Question 8

Pons

Answer 8

Relays info to cerebellum (connects forebrain and hindbrain)

Question 9

Corpus callosum

Answer 9

Allows both hemispheres to communicate

Question 10

Hypothalamus

Answer 10

Regulates body temperature, thirst, blood pressure, and mood

Question 11

Thalamus

Answer 11

Center for processing all senses except smell

Question 12

Hippocampus

Answer 12

Long-term memory

Question 13

Temporal lobe

Answer 13

Pain and auditory stimuli

Question 14

Frontal lobe

Answer 14

Behavior/personality, decision-making, emotions, voluntary actions

Question 15

Parietal lobe

Answer 15

Sensory integration (smell, sight, hearing)

Question 16

Occipital lobe

Answer 16

Vision and facial recognition

Question 17

Nodes of Ranvier function

Answer 17

Allow ions to diffuse into the neuron and help conduct electrical signals

Question 18

Glial cells in CNS vs PNS

Answer 18

CNS: ependymal, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia
PNS: satellite and Schwann cells

Question 19

Multipolar neurons

Answer 19

Motor and interneurons

Question 20

Unipolar neurons

Answer 20

Sensory neurons

Question 21

Somatic vs autonomic nervous system

Answer 21

The somatic nervous system controls conscious actions; the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary ones, typically that maintain homeostasis

Question 22

Sympathetic vs parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 22

Part of the autonomic nervous system, which is part of the motor nervous system

Sympathetic: carries signals that alert systems (flight/fight/freeze instinct)

Parasympathetic: keeps the sympathetic system in balance and brings body back to relaxed / normal state

Question 23

Na/K process

Answer 23

1) The resting potential is about -70 mv.
2) A stimulus is applied, causing the neuron to reach its threshold membrane potential (-55 mv).
3) When the threshold is reached, sodium channels open, allowing sodium to flow into the cell (AKA depolarization). The membrane potential rises and becomes positive.
4) The action-potential reaches its peak. Sodium channels close and potassium ones open, allowing potassium to flow out of the cell.
5) Since potassium is positively-charged, when it leaves, the membrane potential drops back toward resting potential (repolarization).
6) Overshooting occurs, in which the membrane drops below its resting potential.
7) The potassium channels close and the membrane returns to its resting potential.