Unit 3: Boolean Expressions and if Statements

Question 1

! (NOT) Operator

Answer 1

A unary operator that negates the value of a boolean expression. It returns true if the expression is false, and false if the expression is true.

Question 2

&& (AND) operator

Answer 2

A logical operator that returns true if both of its operands are true, and false otherwise.

Question 3

|| (OR) operator

Answer 3

A logical operator that returns true if at least one of its operands is true, and false otherwise.

Question 4

Boolean Expressions

Answer 4

Statements that evaluate to either true or false. They are commonly used in programming to make decisions and control the flow of a program.

Question 5

Boolean Logic Operators

Answer 5

Symbols used to perform logical operations on boolean values (true or false). They allow programmers to combine conditions and make decisions based on the result.

Question 6

Boolean Statements

Answer 6

Expressions that can only have two possible values

Question 7

Boolean values

Answer 7

Data types that can only have two possible values - true or false. They are often used in programming to make decisions based on certain conditions.

Question 8

Branching

Answer 8

Refers to the ability of a program to make decisions and execute different sets of instructions based on certain conditions.

Question 9

Branching Decisions

Answer 9

Refer to the process in programming where different paths are taken based on certain conditions or criteria. It allows the program to make decisions and execute specific blocks of code accordingly.

Question 10

College Board

Answer 10

An organization that administers standardized tests, including the AP Computer Science A exam. They set the curriculum and create the exams for various subjects.

Question 11

Combinational Logic

Answer 11

Refers to digital circuits where the output depends solely on the current input values. There is no memory element involved in these circuits.

Question 12

Comparing Objects

Answer 12

Involves checking whether two objects are equal or determining their relative order. In computer science, it is done using comparison operators or methods to compare the values of specific attributes or properties.

Question 13

Compound boolean statements

Answer 13

Logical expressions that combine multiple boolean values using logical operators such as AND, OR, and NOT. They allow us to evaluate the truth or falsehood of complex conditions.

Question 14

Conditional Statements

Answer 14

Programming constructs that allow different actions to be taken based on whether a certain condition is true or false. They control the flow of execution in a program.

Question 15

Efficient

Answer 15

Achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or resources. In computer science, it refers to writing code that performs tasks quickly and uses minimal memory.

Question 16

Equivalent Boolean Expressions

Answer 16

Different logical expressions that produce the same output for all possible input combinations. In other words, they have the same truth table.

Question 17

Exam Weighting

Answer 17

Refers to the allocation of points or marks given to each section or topic in an exam. It determines how much each part contributes to the overall score.

Question 18

Flow of Program

Answer 18

Refers to the order in which instructions are executed in a computer program. It determines how the program progresses from one statement to another.

Question 19

FRQ #1

Answer 19

Refers to the first free-response question in the AP Computer Science A exam. It is a coding problem that requires students to write methods and implement control structures to solve a given problem.

Question 20

If-Else If-Else statements

Answer 20

Conditional statements that allow different blocks of code to be executed based on different conditions. They provide multiple branches for decision-making in a program.

Question 21

If-Else Statements

Answer 21

Conditional statements used in programming to make decisions based on certain conditions. They allow different blocks of code to be executed depending on whether a condition is true or false.

Question 22

Indentations and Brackets

Answer 22

Used in programming to organize code and indicate the scope of blocks. Indentations help visually separate different sections of code, while brackets (such as curly braces {}) define the beginning and end of a block.

Question 23

<= (less than or equal to)

Answer 23

This term refers to a comparison operator used in programming that checks if one value is less than or equal to another value.

Question 24

> (greater than)

Answer 24

This term refers to a comparison operator used in programming that checks if one value is greater than another value.

Question 25

> = (greater than or equal to)

Answer 25

This term refers to a comparison operator used in programming that checks if one value is greater than or equal to another value.

Question 26

Multiple-choice Questions

Answer 26

A type of assessment where students choose the correct answer from a set of options. Each question typically has one correct answer and several distractors.

Question 27

Nested Conditionals

Answer 27

Refer to having conditional statements (if/else) inside other conditional statements. This allows for more complex decision-making by evaluating multiple conditions within each other.

Question 28

Operators

Answer 28

Symbols or keywords used in programming languages to perform specific operations on one or more operands. They manipulate data and produce a result.

Question 29

Order of Operations

Answer 29

The order in which mathematical operations should be performed to obtain the correct result. It follows the acronym PEMDAS, which stands for Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division (from left to right), and Addition and Subtraction (from left to right).

Question 30

Referencing Objects with Aliases

Answer 30

Using multiple names to refer to the same object in computer programming. This allows us to access and modify an object through different variables.

Question 31

Relational operators

Answer 31

Symbols used in programming languages to compare two values and determine their relationship. These operators return boolean results indicating whether a condition is true or false.

Question 32

Return Statement

Answer 32

Used in functions/methods to specify what value should be sent back as output when the function is called. It terminates the execution of a function and returns control back to where it was called from.

Question 33

% (modulus) operator

Answer 33

Used in programming to find the remainder of a division operation. It returns the remainder after dividing one number by another.

Question 34

Block of Code

Answer 34

Refers to a group of statements that are grouped together and treated as a single unit. It is often used to organize and control the flow of execution in a program.

Question 35

Conditional Statement

Answer 35

A programming construct that allows the execution of certain code blocks based on whether a specific condition is true or false.

Question 36

Indentation

Answer 36

Refers to adding spaces or tabs at the beginning of lines of code to visually organize and structure it. In Python, indentation plays an important role in defining blocks of code within control structures like loops and conditionals.

Question 37

Method

Answer 37

A named sequence of instructions that can be called or invoked to perform a specific task or action. Methods are used for code reusability, organization, and abstraction.

Question 38

Brackets

Answer 38

Symbols used in programming to enclose and group together elements, such as variables or expressions, within a statement. They are typically represented by the characters “[” and “]”.

Question 39

if-else statement

Answer 39

A programming construct that allows the program to make decisions based on certain conditions. It checks a condition and executes one block of code if the condition is true, and another block of code if the condition is false.

Question 40

condition1

Answer 40

Refers to a logical expression that is evaluated to determine if a certain action should be taken. It is typically used in control structures like if statements and loops.

Question 41

condition2

Answer 41

Refers to another logical expression used in control structures. It helps determine whether an action should be executed based on specific criteria.

Question 42

condition3

Answer 42

Refers to yet another logical expression used in programming. It helps determine whether certain actions should be performed based on specific conditions being met.

Question 43

else if statement

Answer 43

Used when there are multiple conditions to be checked after an initial “if” condition, and each condition has its own block of code to execute.

Question 44

if statement

Answer 44

A programming construct that allows the execution of a block of code only if a certain condition is true.

Question 45

multi-way selection

Answer 45

Refers to situations where there are more than two possible outcomes or paths based on different conditions being evaluated.

Question 46

Compound Conditional Statements

Answer 46

A combination of multiple conditional statements joined together using logical operators such as “and” or “or”. It allows us to check multiple conditions at once.

Question 47

a && !a

Answer 47

This term refers to an expression that checks if one condition is true while the other is false using the logical AND operator.

Question 48

a && a

Answer 48

This term refers to the logical AND operator in programming, which checks if both conditions on either side of the operator are true.

Question 49

a || !a

Answer 49

The logical OR operator (||) can also be used in combination with the logical NOT operator (!). It checks whether at least one of the original value or its negation is true.

Question 50

a || a

Answer 50

The logical OR operator (||) can also be used to combine the same boolean value twice. If the value is true, the result will be true; otherwise, it will be false.

Question 51

a || false

Answer 51

This term refers to the logical OR operator in programming, which checks if at least one of the conditions on either side of the operator is true.

Question 52

a || true

Answer 52

The logical OR operator (||) is used to combine two boolean values. If either of the values is true, the result will be true.

Question 53

AND Operator

Answer 53

A logical operator that combines two or more conditions and returns true only if all conditions are true.

Question 54

Associative Law

Answer 54

States that the grouping of operations does not affect the result. In other words, it doesn’t matter how you group the operations, the outcome will be the same.

Question 55

DeMorgan’s Theorems

Answer 55

State two rules for simplifying logical expressions involving negations (NOT), conjunctions (AND), and disjunctions (OR). These rules allow us to switch between negating individual terms and negating the entire expression.

Question 56

Distributive Law

Answer 56

Allows us to distribute (or break apart) an expression into smaller parts and then combine them back together. It helps simplify calculations by breaking down complex expressions.

Question 57

!(!a)

Answer 57

Represents the double negation of a boolean variable a. It is equivalent to simply a.

Question 58

NOT operator

Answer 58

A logical operator that reverses the truth value of a given expression. It returns true if the expression is false, and false if the expression is true.

Question 59

OR Operator

Answer 59

A logical operator that combines two or more conditions and returns true if at least one condition is true.

Question 60

Theorems

Answer 60

Statements that have been proven to be true using logical reasoning and previously established facts.

Question 61

equals()

Answer 61

A method that is used to compare two objects for equality. It checks if the values of the objects are the same, rather than comparing their memory addresses.

Question 62

Primitive Types

Answer 62

Basic data types in programming that are built-in and cannot be broken down into smaller components. They represent simple values like numbers, characters, and boolean values.