Unit 3 book questions Flashcards
Three basic forms in which energy is delivered to the body are
lipids, amino acids, and glucose
The body stores energy as
fats
glycogen
protein
Insulin promotes the
1.) use of glucose as metabolic fuel
2,) conversion of glucose to fat
During the fasting phase, the body (excluding the brain) cannot use glucose as a metabolic fuel because
insulin is needed for glucose to enter cells
Free fatty acids are the main source of energy for the body (excluding the brain) during
fasting phase
Most people attribute hunger to
energy deficit
All set-point systems are ____ systems
negative feedback
Glucostatic theory is to lipostatic theory as
- glucose is to fat
- short-term is to long-term regulation
Eating sweet and fatty foods is adaptive for many mammals living in the wild because these tastes
- are characteristic of energy rich foods
- are often found in association with beneficial vitamins and minerals
Animals learn to
- ) prefer the tastes of key vitamins and minerals in their food
- ) prefer tastes that are followed by an infusion of calories
- ) avoid tastes that are followed by gastrointestinal illness
* all of the above
People tend to feel hungry
at times they regularly eat meals
According to Woods, the hunger that one experiences as a regular mealtime approaches is
the result of the changes occurring in your body in preparation for the homeostasis-
disturbing meal
According to the important conditioning studies of Weingarten, we are likely to initiate meals when
we are in situations in which we have eaten before
____ encourages the consumption of a varied diet
sensory-spacific satiety
____ encourages the consumption of a varied diet
increase in insulin release
In humans, ____ agonists have been shown to reduce hunger, eating, and body weight
serotonin
Which of the following cases can be readily accounted for by the leaky-barrel model, but not by traditional set-point models
all of the above
In an environment like the one in which our species likely evolved, fittest individuals would
- all of the above
1. ) prefer high calorie food
2. ) eat to capacity
3. ) effectively store body fat
4. ) use calories efficiently
About ____ of the energy a person uses each day goes to maintain resting metabolic processes
80%
Efforts to develop a leptin treatment for typical cases of human obesity have been
Unsuccessful
According to the text, an important question about anorexia nervosa that remains to be addressed is the following
What keeps an overpowering hunger drive from kicking in once anorexics start to starve
The stage of sleep EEG that follows the second bout of stage 2 sleep during a normal night’s sleep is
Emergent stage 1
REMs are associated with
emergent stage 1 EEG
Each cycle of sleep during the night tends to be about
90 minutes
Which does not belong with the others
initial stage 1 EEG
People who claim to be nondreamers
sometimes recall dreams if awakened during REM sleep
Which common belief about dreaming has been confirmed by research
none of the above
According to the text
1.) Freud viewed dreams as symbolic representations of repressed sexual conflict
2.) there is no convincing evidence for Freud’s theory of dreams
3.) Freud’s view of dreams has been widely disseminated to the general public as if it were
fact
*all of the above
According to Hobson’s (1989) activation-synthesis theory of dreaming, dream content reflects
random brain stem activity and the cortex’s inherent tendency to try to make sense of
these ambiguous signals
The large between-species differences in sleep time suggest that sleep
is not necessarily needed in large quantities
Species that sleep a lot tend to
be invulnerable to predation when they sleep
The fact that giant sloths sleep 20 hours per day is a strong argument
against the theory that sleep is a compensatory reaction to energy expenditure
Under normal living conditions, most people sleep during
the falling phase of the circadian body-temperature cycle
Companies that employ shift workers have had success improving productivity and job satisfaction by
scheduling only phase delays
The performance of which of the following tasks is most likely to be disrupted by sleep deprivation
watching a radar screen for occasional unpredictable blips
The carousel apparatus has been used to study sleep deprivation in
rats
After an entire week of REM-sleep deprivation, about how many times in one night did subjects have to be awakened to prevent them from experiencing bouts of REM sleep
67
Electrical stimulation of the ____ awakens sleeping cats
reticular formation
Because REM is so similar to wakefulness, it makes sense that REM sleep circuits are in the
reticular activating system
Which of the following are commonly prescribed as hypnotics
benzodiazaphines
The practice of diagnosing people as neurotic pseudoinsomniacs stopped when it was discovered that many people
who complain of insomnia sleep most of the night but unknowingly suffer from sleep
apnea, nocturnal myoclonus, or some other sleep-disturbing disorder
Paradoxically, people suffering from sleep apnea are often diagnosed as suffering from either insomnia or
hypersomnia
In one study, subjects gradually reduced the number of hours that they slept each night, until they felt that they had reached their limit. On the average, this limit was
5 hours
The main disadvantage of the oral route of drug administration is
relatively unpredictable
The conversion of drugs to nonactive chemicals is referred to as drug
metabolism
____ tolerance is tolerance that occurs because less drug gets to the target site
metabolic
After the termination of exposure to some drugs, there are withdrawal effects, that are usually
opposite to the initial effects of the drug
According to Siegel, heroin users are more likely to die from an overdose when they
take heroin in an environment in which they have never taken it before
Each year, tobacco is implicated in about 3 ____ deaths worldwide
million
Which of the following drugs is a diuretic
alcohol
Which of the following drugs produces hypothermia (a reduction in body temperature)
alcohol
Withdrawal from which of the following drugs produces convulsions
alcohol
The main health hazard of chronic heavy marijuana smoking appears to be
lung damage
Which of the following drugs is a local anesthetic
cocaine
Which of the following drugs in high doses produces a syndrome of psychotic behavior that is similar to paranoid schizophrenia
cocaine
Dr. William Stewart Halsted, a brilliant surgeon and one of the founders of Johns Hopkins Medical School, is considered by many to be the father of modern surgery. Surprisingly, he was addicted to____ throughout most of his brilliant career
morphine
Modern physical-dependence theories of drug addiction attempt to account for the fact that addicts frequently relapse after lengthy drug-free periods by postulating
that conditioned withdrawal effects are the basis of drug craving
Laboratory animals self-administer microinjections of addictive drugs directly into the
nucleus accumbens
Molecules in the presynaptic membrane of dopaminergic neurons that attract dopamine molecules in the synaptic cleft and deposit them back inside the neuron are dopamine
transporters
Currently, addiction research is focusing on the prefrontal cortex because
addicts often display a pattern of behavior typical of patients with prefrontal cortex
damage
“Song of Praise” was written by Freud about
cocaine
In the dog, ears back, back down, hair down, and tail down signals
submission
According to the James-Lange theory, the
experience of emotion triggers the autonomic response to emotional stimuli
The pattern of behavior that is observed in monkeys after their anterior temporal lobes have been removed is called
the Kluver-Bucy syndrome
Which of the following is not a symptom of the Kluver-Bucy syndrome
aggression
Polygraphy is commonly referred to as
lie detection
In order to employ the guilty-knowledge technique, the polygrapher needs to
have a piece of information about the crime that is known by the guilty party but not by
any of the other suspects
True expressions that momentarily break through false expressions are called
microexpression
Fear is the motivating force for
defensive behavior
In most mammalian species, social aggression occurs only between
male conspecifics
Le Doux and his colleagues found that bilateral lesions to the ____ blocked auditory fear conditioning but that bilateral lesions to the ____ did not
medial geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex
Lesions to which brain structure in rats disrupt auditory fear conditioning to complex sounds but not simple sounds
auditory cortex
In the short-term, stressors produce physiological changes that
increase ability to deal effectively with stressor
The most commonly employed physiological measure of stress is the level of circulating
glucocorticoids
Disorders whose symptoms are primarily physical but whose development is influenced substantially by psychological factors are called
psychosomatic disorders
Vaccination is often an effective preventive measure because the
acquired immune system has memory
Which neural structure has a particularly dense population of glucocorticoid receptors
hippocampus
