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Physiological Psychology > Unit 1: Ch. 1, 2, 3, & 4 > Flashcards

Unit 1: Ch. 1, 2, 3, & 4 Flashcards

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0
Q

What distinguishes biopsychology from other sub disciplines of neuroscience?

A

It focuses on the study of behavior

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1
Q

Specialized nerve cells that transmit electrochemical signals

A

Neurons

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2
Q

Structure is to function as

A

Neuroscience is to biopsychology

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3
Q

The advantage of humans over other subjects

A

Cheaper
Report subjective experiences
Follow verbal directions

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4
Q

Major difference between human brains and other mammals

A

More cortex

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5
Q

Within subjects design

A

Each subject exposed to each condition of experiment

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6
Q

Difference manipulated by experimenter

A

Independent variable

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7
Q

In so e studies, subjects are not assigned to conditions; instead subjects are selected b/c already live under those conditions (ex: alcohol consumers and nonconsumers). Such studies are…

A

Quasi experimental designs

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8
Q

Schizophrenics and relatives have difficulties

A

Smooth visual tracking of regularly moving objects

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9
Q

Major method of cognitive neuroscience

A

Functional brain imaging

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10
Q

Different approaches focused on single problem, specifically strengths of one approach compensate for weakness of other

A

Converging operations

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11
Q

Primary symptom of Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

Severe memory loss

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12
Q

Subjects with curarized eye muscles, who view stationary target, see the target move

A

In same direction as they attempt to move eyes

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13
Q

Approximately how many patients in US have received prefrontal lobotomy?

A

40,000

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14
Q

Physiological psychology

A

Find patterns
Connect mechanisms
Look underneath to see what people actually mean

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15
Q

Impulse

A

Strong urge or desire to act
Makes us all think we are crazy

Ex: random urge to gauge eye out when cutting vegetables

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16
Q

Impulse control

A

Will power
Self control

Ex: don’t actually gauge eye out

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17
Q

Frontal cortex

A

Responsible for impulse/impulse control

1st suppressed by alcohol

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18
Q

Alcohol and frontal cortex

A

Most sensitive to alcohol
Depressant
Lose impulse control

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19
Q

Mechanism

A

Process by which something is brought about

Behavior explained by smaller mechanisms

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20
Q

Glial cell

A

Glue that holds brain together
90% of brain cells
Don’t do heavy thinking

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21
Q

How many brain cells

A

Trillion
900 billion glial
100 billion neurons

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22
Q

Phenomenology

A

Study of development of human conscience and self-awareness

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23
Q

Basis for sex differences

A

Cell size

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24
Q

Female investment

A

Females invest ,ore in terms of resources b/c sex cells (ovum) are bigger than sperm

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25
Q

Genes and sex

A

Sex desirable b/c encourages reproduction

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26
Q

Evolutionary sex mechanism and males

A

More sexually aggressive and like lots of partners so they evolve mechanisms of deception- have to trick female into thinking they will stay around

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27
Q

Girls evolutionary sex mechanism

A

Careful and choosy with partners, want best offspring, and few partners- have to evolve detectors of male deception

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29
Q

Male and female arms race regarding sex

A

Social pressures and evolutionary mechanisms require both to become more intelligent

Males- improve deception
Females- detect deception

Will lead to gigantic brains

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30
Q

levels of description

A

have to talk about lower level underlying phenomena to explain more complicated mechanisms
Ex: using genes (biology) to explain behavior
*doesn’t always apply (can’t explain WWI w/ quantum mechanics)

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31
Q

John Money

A

believed people behave the way they are b/c of experience ONLY
circumcision complications with David Reimer caused Money to propose raising as girl
DISPROVED

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32
Q

What David Reimer taught us

A
  1. ) sexual identity not based purely on exposure
  2. ) sexual identity is innate (genes)
  3. ) sexual identity stems from biology
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33
Q

left hemisphere dominant

A

verbal

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34
Q

right hemisphere dominant

A

visual, spatial

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35
Q

androgen

A

male hormone that leads to penis growth

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36
Q

androgen insensitive

A

have Y chromosome, but don’t respond to androgens in womb (don’t grow penis); born as a female anatomically

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37
Q

informal experiment

A

mystery switch; guessing game

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38
Q

formal experiment

A

independent and dependent variable; control and experimental conditions

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39
Q

Experimental conditions

A

exposing DV to manipulation of IV

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40
Q

control conditions

A

witholding manipulation of IV

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41
Q

quasi-experiment

A

can’t manipulate conditions b/c of physical (sex, age) and ethical restraints; people have to naturally be in group

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42
Q

quasi-experiment example

A

let alcoholics and nonalcoholics drink like normal then measure drinking amount and degree of brain damage

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43
Q

limitations of quasi-experiment

A

coorilation does not always mean causation

Ex: cant say alcohol causes brain damage b/c brain damage may cause drinking

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44
Q

aphasia

A

deficit in ability to produce or comprehend language

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45
Q

Broca’s area

A

inferior prefrontal cortex of left hemisphere

speech production

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46
Q

Gordon Holmes

A

cerebellum and visual cortex
specific region of brain for balance, vision, bladder
research on gunshot wounds to describe cerebellar disease

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47
Q

ataxis

A

failure of muscle control in arms and legs

results in movement disorders

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48
Q

Roger Tootell

A

used radioactive sugar to analyze retinotopic organization in various areas of the brain

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49
Q

instrumental value

A

good b/c provides means for acquiring something else

Ex: have money, so can get happiness

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50
Q

intrinsic value

A

good in itself

Ex: happy is good, but not because it leads to anything else

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51
Q

what can fMRI tell us

A

different responses in men and women
stroke recovery
imagination and vision
auditory hallucinations

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52
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

study of biological foundations of natural phenomena

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53
Q

fMRI

A

visualize what parts of brain active during certain tasks

can be used to show different stroke recovery between genders

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54
Q

why do animal research

A
  1. ) homology with human structure (wing, hand, etc)
  2. ) understand animal subject
  3. ) ethical and legal restrictions with humans
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55
Q

reason for no speciesism

A

animals cannot stand up for their right like humans can when it comes to racism/sexism

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56
Q

institutional animal care and use committee

A

have to balance benefits with cost; have to explain how you are going to minimize pain to the animal and what the costs and benefits are

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57
Q

learned helplessness

A
  • Marty Sullivan shocked dog feet
  • one group shocked until jumped over gate
  • other group shocked even when jump over gate
  • eventually stopped even trying to escape
  • *can be used to describe depression
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58
Q

blood oxygen level dependent signal (BOLD)

A

shown in fMRI

part of the the brain that are more active are more oxygenated

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59
Q

fMRI and stroke recovery

A
  • men use a single area for certain tasks, while women use several different areas close in proximity
  • women recover more quickly b/c have areas to compensate
  • men have longer recovery b/c have to recruit other part of brain
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60
Q

diffuse activation

A

use several areas close in proximity to carry out task (women)

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61
Q

focal activation

A

single area for certain tasks (men)

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62
Q

visual imagination

A
  • even if eyes are closed can see imagined image b/c visual system is in tact
  • reason why dreams seem so vivid
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63
Q

damage visual cortex

A

can’t imagine and can’t see things when dreaming

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64
Q

auditory hallucinations

A

hearing voices in head

normally cease when attention diverted

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65
Q

schizophrenics and auditory hallucinations

A
  • cannot stop voices in head b/c of abnormalities in frontal cortex associated with focus and control
  • cant control voices
  • proven by fMRI showing active auditory cortex when reported voices in head
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66
Q

evolution

A

scientific explanation as to where bodies come from

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67
Q

why 2nd law of thermodynamics cannot be used as argument for no evolution

A
  • law says entropy increases in CLOSED system
  • evolution would be entropy decrease b/c things get more complicated
  • valid b/c earth is OPEN
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68
Q

one way to study self-awareness in nonhuman animals is to confront them with…

A

a mirror

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69
Q

Darwin was not the firs to suggest species evolve, but he was the first to suggest…

A

how evolution occurs

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70
Q

social dominance is an important factor in evolution because dominant males often

A

produce more offspring than nondominant males

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71
Q

animals with dorsal nerve cords are called

A

chordates

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72
Q

what is not true regarding chordates

A

all chordates are vertebrates

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73
Q

last remaining hominid species

A

homo sapiens

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74
Q

metaphorically, evolution is

A

a bush

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75
Q

a bird’s wing and bee’s wing are

A

analogous

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76
Q

in what measure of brain development are humans surpassed by shrews

A

brain weight expressed as a percentage of total body weight

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77
Q

what does the brain stem regulate

A

reflex activities critical for survival

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78
Q

monogamy evolved in only those species

A

in which each female could raise more fit young if she had undivided help

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79
Q

Mendel’s early experiments challenged which central premise

A

offspring can inherit only those traits that are displayed by their parents

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80
Q

observable traits

A

phenotype

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81
Q

letters of genetic code

A

nucleotide bases

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82
Q

Cooper and Zubek found that maze-bright rats made fewer errors than maze-dull rats if

A

both groups had been reared in an impoverished laboratory environment

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83
Q

blood of newborn infants is routinely screened for

A

phenylalanine

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84
Q

most extensive study of twins reared apart

A

Minnesota study

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85
Q

afferent nerves carry sensory info

A

to the CNS

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86
Q

what conserves the body’s energy

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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87
Q

three meninges from outside in

A

dura–> arachnoid –>pia

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88
Q

when a tumor near the cerebral aqueduct causes cerebrospinal fluid to accumulate in the brain

A

hydrocephalus

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89
Q

part of the neuron that is sometimes myelinated

A

axon

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90
Q

communication among mammalian neurons occurs where

A

across synapses

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91
Q

axon

A

single long process emanating from cell body of multipolar neurons

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92
Q

myelination

A

increases speed of axonal conduction

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93
Q

back of your head is

A

posterior

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94
Q

tip of nose is

A

medial and anterior

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95
Q

cut that would sever all of the commissures (tract that connects right and left hemispheres

A

sagittal

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96
Q

where is the reticular formation

A

brain stem

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97
Q

what is visible on dorsal surface of brain stem

A

cerebellum

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98
Q

most sensory nuclei of the thalamus project to

A

the cortex

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99
Q

x-shaped structure of brain

A

optic chiasm

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100
Q

midsagittal cut to brain would leave uncut axon that are

A

ipsilateral (remain on one side)

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101
Q

which lobe does not border a longitudinal fissure separating hemispheres

A

temporal

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102
Q

function of occipital cortex

A

visual

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103
Q

limbic system

A

includes septum, cingulate cortex, fornix, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and thalamus

involved in regulation of motivated behaviors

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104
Q

parts of the limbic system that are cortical structures

A

hippocampus and cingulate

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105
Q

membrane potential

A

difference in electrical charge between inside and outside of cell

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106
Q

Na+ are continuously forced into neurons by

A

high external concentration and negative resting potential

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107
Q

change in RMP from -70 mV to -72 mV

A

IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)

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108
Q

decremental

A

EPSP and IPSPs decrease in amplitude as they travel through neuron

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109
Q

how far do most postsynaptic potentials travel before they die out

A

no more than a couple of millimeters

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110
Q

where to action potentials originate

A

axon, adjacent to axon hillock

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111
Q

during an action potential, the change in membrane potential associated with sodium ions triggers the

A

opening of potassium channels

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112
Q

end of rising phase of AP occurs when

A

potassium channels close

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113
Q

active transmission is to passive transmission as

A

APs are to EPSPs

114
Q

how do neurons produce signals in postsynaptic neurons

A

by binding to postsynaptic receptors

115
Q

autoreceptors are commonly found in

A

presynaptic membranes

116
Q

acetylcholine

A

only neurotransmitter that is known to be deactivated in the synaptic cleft by enzymatic action

117
Q

which inhibitory neurotransmitter is most prevalent in mammalian CNS

A

GABA

118
Q

drugs that facilitate activity of synapses of particular neurotransmitters

A

agonists

119
Q

curare

A

drug that produces paralysis by binding to nicotinic cholinergic receptors

120
Q

receptor blockers

A

drugs that block reuptake of neurotransmitter from synapse

121
Q

antagonist

A

drugs that bind to neurotransmitters autoreceptors w/o activating them

122
Q

drugs that degrade vesicles and cause neurotransmitter molecules to leak into cytoplasm where they are destroyed by enzymes

A

agonists of neurotransmitter

123
Q

endorphin

A

morphine-like substance that occurs naturally in the brain

124
Q

endorphins play a role in

A

analgesia (inhibit pain) and pleasure

125
Q

William Paley

A
  • Natural theology
  • watch on a beach example
  • watch is complex, so requires design and not chance
  • human heart is complex, so must be design
126
Q

3 evolution alternatives

A
  1. ) chance
  2. ) design
  3. ) natural selection
127
Q

Charles Darwin

A

natural selection- beneficial traits are conserved

128
Q

artificial selection

A

-human intervention promotes survival of the best characteristics
Ex: dog breeding, cow raising, chicken raising

129
Q

evolution of eye and natural selection

A
  • plankton only have photoreceptors
  • photoreceptors recess for protection
  • continuing recess for better detection
  • cuff forms around receptors
  • pupil develops => mammal eye
130
Q

components of natural selection

A
  1. ) random variations
  2. ) more reproduced than survive
  3. ) fittest survive
  4. ) adaptive characteristics survive
131
Q

metaphor of a mountain

A

altitude is proportional to fitness- closer to peak, more fit and more likely to survive (flood)

132
Q

conservation of adaptive characteristics

A

evolution is not chance, rather evolution conserves the adaptive traits and gets rid of the others

133
Q

evolution of brain

A

began with flatworms, then chordates, then compromise

134
Q

compromise to chordates

A
  • armor for brain, not whole body
  • nerver chord
  • speed, maneuverability, weapons of attack
  • more offensive than defensive
135
Q

human kingdom

A

animal

136
Q

human phylum

A

chordate

137
Q

human class

A

mammal

138
Q

human order

A

primate

139
Q

human family

A

hominid

140
Q

human species

A

sapien

141
Q

alternatives to paley’s argument

A

chance is unreasonable so would have to accept design, but Darwin saves the day combining chance and design in natural selection (some mutations are chance)

142
Q

jumping to top of mountain example significance

A

evolution works in tiny stages (possible to “hop” all the way to the top of a mountain)

143
Q

wrinkled brains

A

-restrained brain volume requires increase in surface area to increase cortex => greater intelligence

144
Q

Aristotle and wrinkled brain

A
  • thought increased surface area served to cool blood
  • humans have cold blood and wrinkled brain
  • animals without wrinkled brain have warm blood
  • not an accurate explanation, but was onto something with the surface area idea
145
Q

Richard Dawkins

A
  • first to propose that unit of evolution is genes, rather than individual
  • genes are “selfish” and only worry about heir own survival (want to make copies)
146
Q

E.O Wilson

A
  • said genes explain sexual aggressiveness of males
  • males predisposed to want lots of partners -> lots of copies of genes
  • criticized b/c many thought he was justifying rape (only was explaining)
147
Q

alturism

A
  1. ) doing something nice
  2. ) benefitting others
  3. ) not seeking reciprocal benefit
    * no one is truly altruistic b/c always evolving to get most benefits out of life
148
Q

why are we nice to kids

A
  • genes predispose us to be

- increases likelihood of survival and reproduction

149
Q

kin selection

A 
# of individuals x amount of shared genome >1; then willing to sacrifice self for them
*altruism that applies to relatives
150
Q

reason to save single child

A

would be sacrificing an entire genome for half to survive, but genes still win in the end b/c children are young and have good potential for reproduction

151
Q

reciprocal altruism

A
  • nice to non-relatives seeking reciprocal behaviors

- for people we know well

152
Q

social contract

A
  • nice to non-relatives we don’t know
  • deposit responsibilities
  • withdrawal rights
  • social behavior that establishes norms, rights, responsibilities
  • accepted in society (rights) b/c obey norms (responsibilities)
153
Q

why mean to other races

A
  • don’t follow same social contract
  • have different norms and values
  • causes fear of foreigners
154
Q

Wason

A
  • card sorting task based on symbolic logic

- we don’t have logical ability, so difficult to recognize which cards to flip over

155
Q

Symbolic logic example

A
  • have to find card that violates vowel on one side must have even # on other
  • A: flip to find even #
  • B: dont flip
  • 4: DONT flip (vowel has to have even, not even has to have vowel)
  • 7: flip to make sure no vowel
156
Q

social contract calculator

A
  • we just get it
  • used when identifying drinking violators
  • we’re more likely to recognize a cheater than logical deviations (card flipping task)
157
Q

“deposit” of drinking

A

responsibility of being 21 yrs old

158
Q

“withdrawal” drinking

A

rights to drink

159
Q

why genes promote social contract

A
  • genes trying to make more copies or raise social standing
  • random acts of kindness may pay off
  • never know who is watching
160
Q

what if we were equipped with general problem solver

A

-Wason’s card flipping and underaged drinking tasks would be equivalent in difficulty

161
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

162
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

everything besides brain and spinal cord

  • somatic
  • autonomic
163
Q

somatic peripheral nervous system

A
  • voluntary muscular activity

- involves skeletal muscles

164
Q

autonomic peripheral nervous system

A
  • involuntary muscular activity
  • involves smooth and cardiac muscles
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
165
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A
  • fight or flight
  • coordinates muscle activity
  • arousal responses
  • HR increase, sweating, pupil dilation, etc
166
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • relaxation
  • digestion
  • mucus processing
167
Q

antagonists

A
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic
  • can’t have both working at once
  • crank up sympathetic -> suppress para
168
Q

crystal meth vs. Sudafed

A

differences in intended and side affects

169
Q

intended effect meth

A

excite sympathetic nervous system

170
Q

side effect meth

A

suppress parasympathetic nervous system

171
Q

intended effect Sudafed (psuedo-epinephrine)

A

suppress parasympathetic

*reason why helps cold (suppresses mucus processing)

172
Q

side effect Sudafed

A

excite sympathetic nervous system

173
Q

why bad teeth with meth

A
  1. ) drink Mountain Dew- need something light colored b/c digestive system suppressed
  2. ) lack of saliva- digestive system suppressed
  3. ) don’t brush often
174
Q

meninges

A

layers of tissue protecting brain

175
Q

dura mater

A
  • outermost layer of meninges
  • hard
  • smoothes rough edges of skull
176
Q

pia mater

A
  • meninge layer closest to brain

- caresses gyri and fissures of brain

177
Q

arachnoid membrane

A
  • between dura and pia mater

- looks like webbing

178
Q

arachnoid space

A
  • between pia and arachnoid membrane

- filled with cerebrospinal fluid

179
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

blood- dissolved components lacking cellular materials (plasma, solutes, etc)

180
Q

where does cerebral spinal fluid come from

A
  • capillaries proximal to ventricles leak

- ventricle walls allow passage of everything in blood besides cellular components (strips out)

181
Q

ventricle

A
  • fluid filled “container”

- system of 4 ventricles carry CSF throughout brain and spine

182
Q

Role of CSF

A
  1. ) cushion brain
  2. ) maintain ion balances
  3. ) identify toxin presence
    * possible b/c ventricles are next to hypothalamus
183
Q

hydrocephalus

A
  • water on the brain
  • occurs when CSF is blocked from making way out of ventricles down spine
  • less common today b/c of surgical advances
184
Q

astrocyte foot processes

A
  • surround brain capillaries

- very impermeable and only really small particles (O2) can pass between astrocytes

185
Q

blood brain barrier

A

-glial cell barrier between brain and capillaries

186
Q

what can penetrate through BBB

A
  • non cellular components
  • small components
  • uncharged components
  • fat-soluble substances
187
Q

why fat soluble toxins can get through BBB

A

-membrane of astrocytes is made of lipids

Ex: THC (marijuana)

188
Q

Why do we have BBB

A

prevent flow of pathogens and chemical insults into brain

189
Q

how does glucose get to brain

A
  • active transport b/c insulin doesn’t work (glucose and insulin are too big)
  • brain can only run on glucose
190
Q

brain needs

A
  1. ) protection- meninges, BBB, ventricle walls

2. ) nutrients- brought via CSF

191
Q

what ventricle walls permeable to

A

-any molecule that is not cellular- doesn’t matter the size or charge

192
Q

why is brain finicky

A

it can’t regenerate neurons, so exposure to pathogens and toxins is detrimental

193
Q

benefits of leaky ventricles

A
  1. ) glucose levels fall -> hunger
  2. ) Na+ level increase -> seek water
  3. ) presence of toxin -> vomit
194
Q

commisures

A

neural structures that connect left and right hemispheres of brain

195
Q

hindbrain

A
  • back of brain
  • cerebellum
  • brainstem
196
Q

cerebellum

A
  • has more neurons than rest of brain

- associated with fine motor control (sensitive to alcohol)

197
Q

brainstem

A
  • medulla

- pons

198
Q

medulla

A
  • majority of brain stem

- reflexes- breathing, HR, digestion, gag

199
Q

pons

A
  • top of brainstem

- where neural connection cross hemispheres

200
Q

forebrain

A
  • cerebral cortex- 4 lobes

- sub-cortical systems

201
Q

4 lobes of brain

A
  • temporal
  • occipital
  • parietal
  • frontal
202
Q

subcortical systems

A
  • limbic system

- basal ganglia

203
Q

basal ganglia

A

cells at bottom of brain

204
Q

limbic system

A

amygdala
hippocampus
olfactory bulb
*activation/inactivation of one causes all to respond similarly

205
Q

amygdala

A
  • emotional arousal and fear

- sensitive to alcohol- why alcohol reduces anxiety

206
Q

hippocampus

A

short term memory to long term

207
Q

olfactory bulb

A

emotional memories
smell
anosmia and suicidality

208
Q

Why are amygdala, hippocampus, and olfactory bulb in same system

A
  • if you fire up one part or limbic, it tends to fire up other parts (same if turn down)
  • retention (hippocampus) of emotion related memories (amygdala)
  • associate smell (olfactory) w/ memories (hip)
209
Q

anosmia

A
  • can’t smell

- can be devastating b/c can’t fire up amygdala -> emotionally blunted

210
Q

taste aversion

A

-smell of food that made you sick is remembered and causes food aversion

211
Q

order of neural processing

A

dendrite -> soma -> axon

212
Q

terminal button

A
  • swelling at end of axon

- just before synaptic cleft

213
Q

chemical signal transmission

A

-transmission BETWEEN different neurons

214
Q

electrical signal transmission

A

-signal WITHIN a neuron

215
Q

bowhunting parable

A
  • gamey meet- stress hormones in muscle
  • bowhunter is mounted “at rest”- preparation, so ready to shoot at any minutes
  • resting potential is a cell ready to signal quickly
  • cost/benefit of remaining “flexed”
216
Q

cost/benefit of resting potential

A
  • cost- expenditure of energy

- benefit- split second timing (readiness)

217
Q

Sisyphus

A

cell can trade potential energy for kinetic energy- can make things move (Na, K, etc)

218
Q

every cycle of sodium potassium pump

A
  • 3 Na+ out

- 2 K+ in

219
Q

what form of potential energy available in neuron

A
  1. ) chemical potential energy

2. ) electrical potential energy

220
Q

chemical gradient

A
  • concentration gradient
  • has potential energy (can trade for KE)
  • has directionality
221
Q

why is inside negative relative to outside

A

-3 + charges leave cell, while only 2 + are brought in

222
Q

concentration gradient K+

A

pushes K+ outside b/c less outside

223
Q

electrical gradient K+

A

pushes K+ inside b/c attracted to negative (same applies for Na+)

224
Q

Na+ attraction into cell

A

concentration and electrical gradient both inward (concentration K+ is out; electrical is in

225
Q

what aspect generates electrical gradient

A
  • 3 Na+ out

- 2 K+ in

226
Q

massive doses of K+ is lethal b/c it tends to

A

reverses concentration gradient of K+

  • K+ accumulates inside cell and K+ electrochemical gradient diminishes, which eliminates Na+ electrochemical gradient
  • cell can no longer signal
227
Q

Hodgkin and Huxley

A
  • squid axon (giant axon)
  • not myelinated- can’t send signals w/o having large diameter
  • concluded hyper/depolarization
228
Q

increase voltage

A
  • Na+ channels open (influx)
  • inside becomes positively charged, so electrical gradient K+ pushes out w/ K+ concentration gradient (efflux)
  • Na+ channels close (K+ still going out)
  • potential falls past RMP
  • K+ channels close
  • Na+/K+ pump restores to RMP
229
Q

when to Na+ and K+ channels close

A
  • Na+ at top of peak

- K+ before refractory period (can’t open any channels)

230
Q

all-or-none principle

A
  • all APs are identical

- refractory period between APs

231
Q

dendrites

A
  • Na+ and Cl- channels
  • signals are post-synaptic potentials
  • activated by chemical stimulus
  • not all or none- decremental transmission
  • not amplified
  • no refractory
232
Q

axons

A
  • have Na+ and K+ channels
  • signals are action potentials
  • activated by electrical stimulus
  • all or none
  • amplified
  • have refractory period
233
Q

somatic integration

A

Does ΣEPSP-ΣIPSP exceed activation threshold; if so AP fired

234
Q

switch

A
  • switch is binary (all or nothing) so can be used to describe AP
  • graded potentials are like dimmer switches
235
Q

supra-threshold

A

above threshold

236
Q

what returns cell back to RP

A

sodium potassium potential

237
Q

parable of telegraph relay station

A
  • every wire loses signal strength with distance (decremental)
  • receive signal and send to next station (amplify signal)
  • output signal is same strength as input signal b/c was amplified
  • how the axon works- myelin amplifies
238
Q

myelin

A

-sheaths surround axon serving to amplify signals

239
Q

Node of Ranvier

A
  • nodes between myelin sheaths on axon

- where Na+ can enter axon

240
Q

as distance from the source increases

A

signal strength decreases

241
Q

Na+ diffuses passively in both directions, what causes AP to go in one direction

A
  • absolute refractory period and inactivation of Na+ channels forces AP to travel in one direction
  • no action potential is possible even with applied extracellular depolarization
  • due to Na+ channels having an inactivation gate on them
  • absolute refractory period of previous action potential prevents generation of a second action potential in the reverse direction
242
Q

saltatory conduction

A
  • propagation of AP along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next
  • increases velocity of AP w/o having to increase diameter
  • active transmission along axon
243
Q

induce charge at 2 different axon locations

A
  • Na+ channels open
  • Na goes in both directions from each electrode
  • APs between electrodes fizzle upon meeting
244
Q

Why are IPSP and EPSPs considered to be decrementally transmitted, but AP are not

A
  • IPSPs and EPSPs are passive

- action potentials are active

245
Q

Are ion channels distributed evenly along axon

A
  • no ion channels under myelin

- ion channels are in between myelin sheaths

246
Q

multiple sclerosis

A
  • immune system attacks myelin cells
  • neuron becomes de-myelinated
  • no myelin to keep Na+ from escaping, so leaks out
  • signal strength falls off dramatically
247
Q

exocytosis

A
  • vesicles in terminal button dumped out of cell into synapse
  • passively diffuse across synapse
  • when get to post-synaptic membrane, bind to receptors, opening chemically activated Na+/Cl- ion channels
248
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A
  • associated with Na+ channels
  • dopamine (binding site on Na+ channel), glutamate, serotonin
  • turns voltage up
249
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A
  • associated with Cl- channels
  • alcohol, barbiturates, GABA (receptors on Cl- channels)
  • turns voltage down
250
Q

ACh

A
  • first neurotransmitter discovered
  • acts inside and outside of brain
  • makes muscle contract
251
Q

Otto Loewi

A
  • trying to figure out if neurons communicate electrically or chemically
  • stimulates vagus nerve (associated w/ parasympathetic)
  • discovers chemical communication- later discovered as ACh
252
Q

neromuscular junction

A
  • gap between neurons
  • like a synapse
  • neurotransmitters passed across
253
Q

motor neuron

A
  • dumps tons ACh into neuromusclular junction

- then dumps AChE- metabolizes ACh (no longer active)

254
Q

Sarin

A
  • nerve gas
  • blocks ACh esterase
  • ACh not degraded at neuromuscular junction
  • muscle fiber becomes refractory and stops contracting (paralysis)
  • diaphragm can’t contract -> death
  • indirect agonist- inhibits degradation
255
Q

antiperspirant vs. deodorant

A
  • deodorant just masks smell

- antiperspirant- alters function (drug)

256
Q

drug

A
  • alters function in small doses
  • exogenous- externally generated
  • neurotransmitters aren’t drugs
257
Q

Synaptic processes

A
  1. ) release
  2. ) binding
  3. ) deactivation- reuptake/enzymatic degradation
258
Q

psychoactive drugs

A
  • influence a synaptic process

- Cocaine- encourages release of dopamine => lots of AP

259
Q

direct agonist

A
  • neurotransmitter mimic that binds and activates receptor
  • looks like nt so can bind to active site and activate channel
  • Ex: LSD looks like serotonin so binds to majority of serotonin receptors
260
Q

antagonist

A
  • prevents release of neurotransmitter
  • competitive binding
  • cannabinoids and haldol
261
Q

agonist

A

helps or enhances effect of neurotransmitter

262
Q

morphine

A

-direct agonist to endogenous morphine (endorphins)

263
Q

cannabinoids

A
  • represses release of neurotransmitters in brain

- Ex: anandamide- breaks connects with memory in brain

264
Q

SSRI

A
  • selective serotonin re uptake inhibitors
  • Prozac, Zoloft
  • allows for more serotonin in synapse -> less depressed
  • indirect agonist
265
Q

cocaine and amphetamine

A
  • dopamine agonists (indirect)

- enhance release of dopamine

266
Q

GABA

A
  • inhibitory nt
  • binds to Cl- channel
  • Cl influx hyperpolarizes cell
  • most depressants are GABA indirect agonists
267
Q

depressants

A
  • indirect GABA agonists
  • ethanol
  • benzodiazepine
  • barbiturate
  • neurosteroids
  • bind to the receptor, but don’t activate it
268
Q

indirect agonist

A
  • enhances release of neurotransmitter, but doesn’t bind to receptor or binds to receptor, but doesn’t activate
  • blocks transporter- cocaine
  • blocks reputable- SSRI
  • inhibits clearance- sarin
269
Q

dopamine

A

-opens Na+ channels

270
Q

Haldol

A
  • depressant, but doesn’t have to do with GABA
  • antagonist of dopamine
  • competitive binding- binds to dopamine receptors, but doesn’t activate, and stuck there
271
Q

homeostasis

A
  • maintaining balance

- keep good stuff inside and bad stuff out

272
Q

excess of dopamine in synapse

A
  • cranks up AP in postsynaptic neuron
  • result of taking cocaine
  • lots of autoactivation -> presynaptic neuron tells soma to turn off dopamine activation
273
Q

autoactivation sites

A
  • presynaptic binding site for neurotransmitter
  • discourage manufacture and release of neurotransmitters
  • negative feedback inhibition
274
Q

effect of post-synaptic potentials

A

-activate action potential

275
Q

withdrawal and cocaine

A
  • dopamine levels crash as a result of autoinactivation

- feel depressed and need more cocaine

276
Q

drugs that influence nt release

A
  • Cannabinoids

- antagonist

277
Q

drugs that influence nt reuptake

A

-Prozac (SSRIs)

278
Q

drugs that influence nt binding

A
  • LSD (direct agonist)

- haldol-antagonist

279
Q

drugs that influence enzymatic degradation

A
  • Indirect agonist

- sarin

280
Q

drugs that competetively bind

A
  • haldol

- antagonist

281
Q

if you were to administer amphetamine and haldol at the same time, how would the subject feel

A

3 possibilities

  • feel turned up (amphetamine- stimulant)
  • feel turned down (haldol- depressant)
  • in the middle
  • feel like just took haldol b/c haldol binds and sticks w/o activating receptor- prevents dopamine from binding

Physiological Psychology (7 decks)

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