unit 3 - biomolecules Flashcards
four main groups of macromolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid
why is carbon versatile
has 4 valence electrons so it can form 4 bonds, can form chains or rings
what are monomers
small carbon-containing molecules
what are polymers
long chains of repeating monomers (can be same of different monomers)
what is polymerization
the process by which monomers join together into polymers
what is dehydration synthesis
monomer + monomer = polymer + h20
what is the purpose of carbohydrates
main source of energy for all living things
what are carbohydrates composed of
CHO (1:2:1 ratio)
example of carbohydrates
sugar, glucose, cellulose
what is the monomer of carbohydrates
monosaccharide
what is the polymer of carbohydrates
polysaccharide
1 sugar molecule is called
monosaccharide
2 simple sugar molecules joined together
disaccharide
many monosaccharides joined together
polysaccharide
monosaccharide example
glucose, galactose
disaccharide example
sucrose
polysaccharide example
glycogen
are lipids water soluble
no
what are lipids composed of
CHO
what is the function of lipids
store energy long term, insulation, biological membranes
what are the two main parts of lipids
hydrophilic heads (glycerol), hydrophobic tails (fatty acid)
lipids examples
fats, oils, waxes, steroids
saturated fat meaning
max # of hydrogen atoms and no double bonds
unsaturated fat meaning
at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms
saturated fat example
butter
unsaturated fat
olive oil
do lipids have monomers/polymers
no, but they are made up of glycerol and fatty acids which make up triglycerides
what do nucleic acids do
store/transmit genetic info
what are nucleic acids composed of
CHONP
what are the monomers of nucleic acids
nucleotides
what are nucleotides made up of
5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine), a phosphate group
examples of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
what are the monomers of proteins
amino acids
what are amino acids made up of
an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), a variable R group (unique to each amino acid)
what are amino acids composed of
CHON
monomers of proteins are joined via what kind of covalent bond
peptide bonds
what is critical for proteins function
final folded form (forms active sites)
what are enzymes made of
amino acids
examples of proteins
enzymes, cell transport proteins
what do enzymes
control rate of chemical reactions
what pH is acidic
pH < 7
what is pH basic
ph > 7
what is pH neutral
7
what atoms are acidic
H+ (hydrogen ions)
what atoms are basic
OH- (hydroxide ions)
do bases accept H+ (acidic) or OH- (basic)
H+ (acidic)
do acids accept H+ (acidic) or OH- (basic)
OH-
what is carbonic anhydrase
an enzyme
which macromolecule exhibits various levels of structure
proteins
which macromolecule participates in nearly every chemical reaction
proteins
which macromolecule functions in short-term energy storage and structural support
carbs
which macromolecule is used to create steroid molecules
lipids
