Unit 3- Biological Molecules/ Nutrition In Humans Flashcards
What are polymers
They are made up from small units (molecules made up of lots of little substances)
What is starch made from
Glucose, and glucose is a simple sugar (it is a small souble molecules)
What does two glucose makes
Maltose
What does lots of glucose linked together make
Starch
What are protein made form
Amino acid, there are twenty different amino acids (each amino acids have similar structures)
Which elements would you find in carbohydrates
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Which elements would you find in protein
Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon and hydrogen
Which elements would you find in lipids
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
How would you test a substance for starch
- Take a sample of the substance you will test
- Add a few drops of iodine
- If starch is present it will go blue/ black
How would you test a substance for glucose
- Take a sample of the substance you will test
- Add an equal volume of Benedict solution and heat to 95
- Positive results (that glucose is present) then it will change to a brick red colour
What else can Benedict solution tell us about glucose
It can tell us how much glucose is present
💚= low amont of glucose
💛= medium
❤️= high
What does a balance diet contain
It contains all 7 food groups and in the correct proportions
What are the 7 different food groups
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Vitamins
- Minerals
- Water
- Fibre
What is malnutrition
- if any of the seven food groups are missing you are malnutristed
- or if they are eaten in the wrong proportions
What is a common food source and use in the body for protein
- eggs, milk, cheese, fish and meat
* Growth and repair of cells
What is a common food source and use in the body for fat
- Oil, butter, cheese, oily fish
* To maintain body temperature and to store energy
What is a common food source and use in the body for sugar
- Sweets, chocolate and fruit
* Short term energy source
What is a common food source and use in the body for starch
- Potatoes, rice, bread, cereals
* release energy in our cells to enable all the life process
What is a common food source and use in the body for calcium
- cheese, milk, yogurt
* helps produce healthy teeth and bones
What is a common food source and use in the body for iron
- Red meats, spinach
* makes haemoglobin in red blood cells
What is a common food source and use in the body for vitamin C
- Citrus fruits, green veg
* healthy teeth, skin, gums, heathy blood vesselling
What is a common food source and use in the body for fibre
- Leafy veg, grains
* gives your digestive system something to push against
What does the mouth do
Teeth and tongue break down food into smaller pieces saliva from salivary glands moisten food so it is easily swallowed and contains the enzyme amylase begin breakdown the starch
What does the oesophagus do?
Each lump is swallowed food is moved from the mouth to the stomach by waves of muscle contraction call peristalysis
What does the stomach do
Food enter through a ring of muscle known as a sphincter
Acid and protease enzymes are secreted to start protein digestion
Movements of the muscular wall churn up food into a liquid known as chyme (kime)
The party digested food passes a little at a time through another sphincter into the small intestine
What does the liver do?
Cells in the liver make bile. Amino Acids not used for making proteins are broken down to form urea which passes to the kidneys for excretion. Excess glucose is removed from the blood and stored as glycogen in liver cells
What does the Gall bladder do
Stores Nile from the liver which makes bile. The bile is passes along the bile duct into the small intestine where it neutralises the stomach acid in the chyme
What does the pancreas do
Secretes amlase, lipase and protease enzymes as well as sodium hydrogen carbonate, into the small intestine
What does the small intestine do
Secretion from the gall bladder and pancreas as well as carbohydrase, protease and lipase enzymes from the wall of the small intestine completes digestion . Digested food is absorbed into the blood through the villi
What does the large intestine do
Water and some vitamins are absorbed from remaining materials
What does the rectum do
The remaining material (faeces) made up of indigestible food, dead cells from the lining of the alimentary canal and bacterial is compacted and stored
What does the anus do
Faeces is egested through sphincter
What are enzymes
They are proteins
What do enzymes do
They speed up the reaction in the body
Can you reused an enzyme
Yes but if they are over heated they will become denatured and you will not be able to use it again, this happen when you have heat stroke also extream acidics and alkaline will denature certain enzymes
What does ingestion mean
Taking food into the body (through the mouth for humans)
What does digestion mean
Breaking down of large food molecules into smaller molecules
What does absorption mean
Of digested food molecules into the blood
What does assimilation mean
Converting food molecules to other food molecules for use in the body
What does egestion mean
Removal of u digested material (faeces) from the body
What are Lipids made up of
Glycerol and fatty acids
How many fatty acid does a glycerol have attach to it
3
How many different fatty acids are there
Lots
