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AP PSYCH > UNIT 3 - Biological Bases of Behavior > Flashcards

UNIT 3 - Biological Bases of Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuron

A

nerve cell

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2
Q

Dendrites

A

A neuron’s branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

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3
Q

Axon

A

The neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons/muscles/glands

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4
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Layer of fatty tissue that speeds axon impulses

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5
Q

Action potential

A

A neural impulse

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6
Q

Refractory period

A

a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired

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7
Q

Threshold

A

The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

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8
Q

All-or-none response

A

A neuron’s reaction of either firing (with full strength) or not firing (like guns)

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9
Q

Synapse

A

Gap between sending neuron and receiving neuron

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10
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers released when action potential reaches axon’s terminals

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11
Q

Reuptake

A

The sending neuron reabsorbs the excess neurotransmitters

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12
Q

Endorphins

A

natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain relief and pleasure

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13
Q

Agonist

A

A molecule that STIMULATES a response by binding to a receptor site

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14
Q

Antagonist

A

A molecule that BLOCKS a response by binding to a receptor site

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15
Q

Nervous system

A

The body’s speedy communication network

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16
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Gathers info and transmits CNS decisions to other body parts

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18
Q

Nerves

A

Bundled axons connecting to the CNS

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19
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons

A

Carry messages from tissues and sensory receptors to the CNS

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20
Q

Motor (efferent) neurons

A

Carry instructions from the CNS to muscles and glands

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21
Q

Interneurons

A

Neurons within the CNS that communicate internally

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22
Q

Somatic NS

A

Enables voluntary control of our skeletal muscles

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23
Q

Automatic NS

A

Self regulated functions; heartbeat, digestion

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24
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

Arouses and expends energy

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25
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

Conserves energy as it calms you

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26
Q

Reflex

A

Automatic responses to stimuli

27
Q

Endocrine system

A

Slow communication system. Set of glands that secrete hormones

28
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers

29
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Releases hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that arouse the body when stressed

30
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Regulates growth

31
Q

Lesion

A

Destroying tiny clusters of brain cells

32
Q

EEG

A

Recording of waves of electrical brain activity

33
Q

CT Scan

A

Takes X-ray of brain

34
Q

PET Scan

A

Shows brain’s consumption of glucose

35
Q

MRI

A

Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images of soft tissue

36
Q

fMRI

A

Reveals brain’s functioning and structure through bloodstream

37
Q

Brainstem

A

automatic survival functions

38
Q

Medula

A

Heartbeat and breathing; brainstem’s base

39
Q

Thalamus

A

Directs messages

40
Q

Reticular formation

A

arousal and alertness

41
Q

Cerebellum

A

Movement and balance; learning and memory

42
Q

Limbic system

A

hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus

43
Q

Amygdala

A

aggression and fear

44
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Emotion and reward; maintenance activities; hormones

45
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Neural cell surface layer that covers the brain

46
Q

Glial cells

A

support, nourish, and protect neurons

47
Q

Frontal lobes

A

Speaking, muscle movement, making plans and judgements

48
Q

Parietal lobes

A

Touch and body position

49
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Vision

50
Q

Temporal lobes

A

Hearing

51
Q

Motor cortex

A

Controls voluntary movements

52
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Body touch and movement sensations

53
Q

Association areas

A

learning, remembering, thinking, speaking

54
Q

Plasticity

A

Brain’s ability to change by reorganizing itself (strong during childhood)

55
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Formation of new neurons

56
Q

Carpos callosum

A

Large band of neural fibers that connects the 2 hemispheres

57
Q

Split brain

A

Condition resulting from cutting corpus callosum

58
Q

Conciousness

A

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

59
Q

Environment

A

Every external influence

60
Q

Identical twins (monozygotic)

A

twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, creating two genetically identical organisms

61
Q

Fraternal twins (dizygotic)

A

twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. Not identical

62
Q

Interaction

A

When the effect of one factor depends on another factor

63
Q

Epigenetics

A

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

AP PSYCH (3 decks)

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