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Physical Education > Unit 3 (AOS2 outcome 2) physiological responses to PA- Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Unit 3 (AOS2 outcome 2) physiological responses to PA- Chapter 4 Flashcards

0
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Ventilation refers to how much air is breathed in and out in one minute

During exercise, how much air we breath increases significantly, becoming 15-30 times greater than at rest (4-15 litres)

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1
Q

What mechanisms in the respiratory system are responsible for the acute responses to exercise?

A

Ventilation and diffusion

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2
Q

What is tidal volume (TV)?

A

Tidal volume refers to how much air is inspired or expired in one breath

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3
Q

What is respiratory rate (RR)?

A

The number of breaths taken in one minute

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4
Q

What is a Plateau?

A

To reach a period or level where no change is observed

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5
Q

What is Ventilatory threshold?

A

The point where ventilation increases at a non-linear rate

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6
Q

What is the respiratory system responsible for?

A

The delivery of oxygen to, and removal of carbon dioxide from, the cells of the body

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7
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration

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8
Q

How do we find the value of ventilation?

A

Tidal volume (TV) (how much air is inspired or expired in one breath) X respiratory rate (RR) (number of breaths taken in one minute)

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9
Q

What does the circulatory system do?

A

It delivers a greater amount of oxygen and energy substrates to the working muscles in order to meet the increasing energy demands of the activity

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10
Q

What is stroke volume (SV)?

A

The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle per beat

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11
Q

What is hear rate (HR)?

A

The number of times the heart beats in one minute

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12
Q

What is cardiac output (Q)?

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart in one minute

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13
Q

How do we find the value of cardiac output (Q)?

A

Hear rate (HR) (beats per minute) X stroke volume (SV) (litres per beat)

Heart rate X stroke volume

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14
Q

What happens to blood pressure during exercise?

A

During exercise the increase in cardiac output results in an increase in blood pressure.

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15
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

Pressure in the arteries following contraction of ventricles as blood is pumped out of the heart

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16
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

Pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes and ventricles fill with blood

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17
Q

What do strengthening exercises result in?

A

A greater increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, but changes in cardiac output and heart rate are less

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18
Q

What is venous return?

A

Venous return is the rate of blood flow back to the heart. (It can limit cardiac output)

As the heart can eject only as much blood as it has in its ventricles, it is important for an increase in cardiac output to be accompanied by an increase in venous return.

19
Q

Venous return is increased during exercise by three mechanisms:
1- the muscle pump

A

The muscle pump is a result of the mechanical pumping action causing pressure on the veins by the surrounding muscles.

  • This squashes the veins forcing the blood to flow through them toward the heart.
  • The valves in the vein stop the blood from flowing backwards.
20
Q

Venous return is increased during exercise by three mechanisms:
2- respiratory pump:

A

The respiratory pump uses a similar mechanical action to assist venous return.
-During inspiration the diaphragm increases abdominal pressure, and the veins in the thorax and abdomen are emptied toward the heart.

21
Q

Venous return is increased during exercise by three mechanisms:
3- venoconstriction:

A

Venoconstriction is a reflex controlled the CNS. It reduces the capacity of the venous system, forcing blood to be pushed toward the heart.

22
Q

What happens to blood volume in aerobic exercise?

A

It decreases

23
Q

What happens regarding Increased blood flow in exercise?

A

Blood is directed away from non-essential organs (spleen, liver, kidneys, stomach) to the working muscles

24
Q

Increased blood flow: skeletal capillaries open up and serve three main purposes

A

1- allow for increases in total muscle blood flow
2- deliver large blood volume with minimal increase in blood flow velocity
3- increase the surface area to increase diffusion rates

~it allows greater delivery if oxygen to meet metabolic demands of energy

25
Q

Redistribution of blood flow: Vasoconstriction occurs in the arteriolar supplying the inactive areas of the body

A

Vasoconstriction is a decrease in the diameter of a blood vessel, resulting in a decrease in blood flow to the area supplied by the blood vessel

26
Q

Redistribution of blood flow: Vasodilation occurs in the arterioles supplying the working muscles

A

Vasodilation is an increase in the diameter of the blood vessel, resulting in an increase in blood flow to the area supplied by the blood vessel

27
Q

What is Oxygen consumption (VO2).

A

Oxygen consumption is the volume of oxygen that can be taken up and used by the body. As intensity of exercise increases so does oxygen consumption.

28
Q

What is arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-vo2 diff)

A

The difference in oxygen concentration in arterioles compared with venuoles

29
Q

What need to happen when exercise begins?

A

The muscular contractions responsible for movement need to increase

30
Q

What are the mechanisms responsible for the acute responses to exercise in the respiratory system?

A 
~Oxygen consumption
~a-VO2 difference 
~cardiac output 
~venous return 
~blood pressure 
~ redistribution of blood flow
31
Q

What is a Motor unit recruitment?

A

A motor neuron and the muscle fibres it stimulates (the central nervous system communicating with the muscles to control muscular contractions)

32
Q

How will a motor unit contract?

A

A motor unit will contract maximally or not at all, depending on the strength of the stimulus (this is the all or nothing principle). Increasing the frequency of the messages will also increase the force produced in the muscle.

33
Q

What are energy substrates?

A

Energy substrates include
1- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
2- Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
3- Phosphocreatine (PC)

34
Q

What is Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

A

A chemical compound made up of adenosine and 3 phosphate molecules

35
Q

what is Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)?

A

A chemical compound made up of adenosine and 2 phosphate molecules

36
Q

What is Phosphocreatine (PC)?

A

A chemical fuel (also called creatine phosphate or CP) consisting of a bound phosphate and creatine molecule

37
Q

What is the immediate source of energy for all muscular contractions?

A

ATP

38
Q

What is used to produce ATP?

A

Glycogen is used in both anaerobic and aerobic respiration

39
Q

What is the result of exercise?

A
  • decrease in all fuel levels within the muscle
  • ATP, PC, intramuscular triglyceride concentration and muscle glycogen levels decrease
  • glycogen content decreases more rapidly with endurance activities compared to high-intensity sprint activities
40
Q

Lactate

A

As exercise starts, large amounts of lactate are released from the muscle due to anaerobic production of ATP

41
Q

What is lactate inflection point (LIP)?

A

The exercise intensity beyond which lactate production exceeds removal causing it to build up, sometimes referred to as lactate threshold

42
Q

What happens to Body temperature when we exercise?

A

As we convert chemical energy (fuel) into chemical energy (movement) heat is created as a by product. Heat production is increased and so is body temperature. At high intensities blood vessels vasoconstrict

43
Q

What is Steady state?

A

When oxygen supply = oxygen demand

44
Q

What mechanisms are responsible for the acute responses to exercise in the muscular system?

A

~Temperature
~motor recruitment
~energy substrates
~lactate

45
Q

What is steady state?

A

When oxygen consumption = oxygen demand

Physical Education (6 decks)

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