UNIT 3: AOS2: How Do People Learn And Remember? Flashcards
Learning
A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience
Classical Conditioning
A form of learning that occurs through repeated association of two different stimuli to produce a naturally occurring response.
Learner is passive.
Learning through association
Before Conditioning
1st Stage of classical conditioning, during which the neutral stimulus has no associatoins and does not produce any significant response.
During Conditioning
2nd stage of classical conditioning, during which the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned response
After conditioning
3rd stage of classical conditioning, during which the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus, producing a conditioned response.
Neutral Stimulus
The stimulus that produces no significant response prior to conditioning
E.g.Pavlovs doggy wogy the rnging of the bell
Unconditioned Stimulus
The stimulus that produces an unconscious response
Unconditioned Response
A naturally occuring behavior in response to a stimulus
e.g.Pavlov’s dog salivating
Conditioned Stimulus
Stimulus that produces a conditioned response after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus
eg bell in pavlovas dog
Observational Learning
Learning through watching
Operant Conditioning
Learning process where the likelihood of a behavior occuring is determined by the consequences of that behavior
Operant
A response that occurs on the environment to produce an effect behavior can be strengthened if the consequences are positive and weakened if they are negative
Three Phases of Operant Conditioning
Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence
Antecedent
Stimulus. Why did the behavior occur? Was there a trigger?
Behaviour
The response, what did you do?
Consequence
Sways or directs future behaviours
Reinforcement
When desirable behaviour is encouraged with the view to strengthen it.
Punishment
When undesirable behaviour is discouraged with a view to weakening
Continuous Reinforcement
Essential in the acquisition stage but not effective for maintaining meximum response rate.
Partial reinforcement
Reinforcing after some responses
Used after the acquisition stage and responses and responses tend to be stronger
Observational Learning
A type of social learning that occurs when a learner observes a model’s actions and their consequences to guide their future actions.
In Observational learning,
Learner
The individual who oberves, remembers and initiates the actions of the model
In Observational learning,
Model
The live, pre-recorded or symbolic person being observed.
In Observational learning,
Attention Stage
The learner actively watches the model’s behaviour and the consequences
In Observational learning,
Retention Stage
When the learner stores and retains a mental representation of the model’s behaviour
In Observational learning,
Repreduction Stage
The learner’s physical and mental capabilities enable them to perform the behaviour
In Observational learning,
Motivation
The learner’s desire to perform the behaviour
In Observational learning,
Reinforcement
Recieving a reward or desirable factor that increases the likelihood that the learner will reproduce the behaviour in the future
Stages of Observational Learning.
Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation and Reinforcement
Differences between Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning
CC is involuntary and unconscious.
In CC, Learner is passive, and consequences are irrelevant and do not change the likeihood of a behaviours occurance.
Similarities between Observational Learning and Operant Conditioning
Both Voluntary, and conscious.
Both have active learner.
Both have important consequences.
Systems of Knowledge
Knowledge and skills are based on interconnected social, physical, and spiritual understandings.
Inform survival and contribute to a strong sense of identity.
Country
Traditional lands of a particular language or cultural group, including both geographical boundaries and the spiritual, emotional and intellectual connections to and within it.
How is knowledge shared by Indigenous Australians?
Knowledge is embedded in Country, and shared across generations through oral narrative, symbols and imagery.
8 Ways of Learning
Story sharing
Learning Maps
Non-Verbal
Symbols and images
Land Links
Non Linear
Deconstruct/Reconstruct
Community Links
Memory
Active processing system that encodes, stores and recovers information when required.
-Consists of Sensory, Short Term and Long Term
Information Processing Model
Encoding, Storage and Retrieval
Encoding
Converting information into a useable form of storage
Storage
Retaining information over time for future use
Retrieval
Accessing previously stored information for use
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory
Sensory, Short Term, Long Term
Sensory Memory Function
Holds information very briefly as an exact replica.
Sensory Memory Capacity
Unlimited
Sensory Memory Duration
0.2- 4 seconds
Short Term Memory Function
We hold whatever we are paying attention to in our STM.
First point where we try to add meaning and manipulate material in our consciousness.
Short Term Memory Capacity
5-9 or 7+-2
Short Term Memory Duration
18-30 Seconds
Long Term Memory Function
Memory is converted into a meaningful form of storage so it can be kept and used whenever we retrieve it.
Long Term Memory Capacity
Unlimted, as long as you can retrieve it.
Long Term Memory Duration
Unlimited. Can take 30 mins to be consolidated.
Types of Sensory Memory
Iconic, Echoic
Iconic Memory
Information from eyes.
0.2-0.4 duration
Echoic Memory
Information from ears.
Duration is longer than iconic at 3-4 seconds
How to increase the capacity of our short term memory?
Chunking
How to increase the duration of our short term memory?
Rehearsal
Types of Explicit Memory
Semantic Memory, Episodic Memory
Types of Implicit Memory
Procedural Memory, Conditioned Emotional Response
Semantic Memory
Explicit memory of fact or knowledge about the world
Episodic Memory
Explicit memory of personally experienced events
Procedural Memory
Knowledge of skills, habits, actions
Conditioned Emotional Response
Learned emotional response reaction that occurs in response to a stimulus that you have formed an association
Brain Regions that are involved in memory
Hippocampus, Amydala, Neocortex, Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum
Hippocampus
Encodes and stores explicit memories
Amygdala
Encodes and Retrieves Explicit emotional memories
Neocortex
Stores explicit memories
Influences attention to creating episodic memories
Basal Ganglia
Encodes and stores implicit memories
Cerebellum
Encodes, co-ordinates and stores implicit memories
Alzheimer’s Disease
Is a type of diementia characterised by gradual widespread degeneration of brain neurons, causing memory loss, a decline in cognitive and social skill and personalitity changes.
Amyloid Plaques
Proteins that clump and collect between neurons and disrupt cell function
Neurofibrillary Tangles
Abnormal accumulations of tau protein that collect inside neurons. Associated with the death of brain cells.
Retrograde Amnesia
The inability to retrieve previously stored episodic and semantic memories
Anterograde Amnesia
The inability to form new episodic and semantic memories
Mnemonic Device
Any technique used for improving or enhacing memory
Acronym
Are formed using a type of ‘chunking’ or grouping procedure. An abbreviation formed from the first letter of each word and pronouced as a single word.
Acrostics
Involves making verbal associations for items to be remembered by constructing sentences, using the first letters of the information to be remembered.
Method of Loci
A mnemonic system that commits a familiar location or sequence of locations to memory, then visually links them with information that needs to be recalled.
Oral Culture
A culture in which information and stories are communicated by word of mouth
Sung Narrative
A story told through singing, music and dance
Dreaming
A guide to life and living; not just stories, is it art, songs; written into the land itself.
Songline
One of many sung narratives of the landscape that weave across Country and enable every significant place in Aborginal Dreaming to be known.
Story Sharing
Where learning takes place through narrative and story-sharing
For example, sharing Dreaming stories to communicate complex knowledge relating to the natural world and survival.
Non-Verbal
Sharing knowledge through non-verbal means, including dance, art, and observation.
For example, Traditional dances where the movements reflect the patterns of certain animals.
Land Links
Where learning and knowledge are inherently linked to nature, land, and Country.
For example, learning about photosynthesis from the plants rather than the book.
