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Psychology Units 3/4 > UNIT 3: AOS1: How does the nervous system enable psychological functioning? > Flashcards

UNIT 3: AOS1: How does the nervous system enable psychological functioning? Flashcards

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1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Comprised of the brain and spinal cord. Receives sensory and sends motor information to the peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Sends afferent messages **towards **the brain and sends efferent messages away from the brain

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3
Q

SAME

A

Sensory Afferent Motor Efferent

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4
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Comprised of muscles, organs and glands
Sends sensory information and receives motor information from the central nervous system

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5
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Transmits information from receptor sites to the CNS and initiates voluntary movement.

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6
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Carries information between the CNS and organs and glands, to regulate them without conscious awareness.

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7
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Prepares the body for vigorous activity. Activates the fight-flight-freeze response.

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8
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Maintains the body in a state of homeostasis and calms the body down after activity

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9
Q

Neurons

A

Cells within the nervous system that transmits messages to and from the brain with various functions.

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10
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Transmits sensory information from your body to your brain, through afferent pathways

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11
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Transmits motor information from your brain to your body through efferent pathways

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12
Q

Interneuron

A

Transmits information between sensory and motor neurons

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13
Q

Spinal Reflex

A

An automatic response that is initiated by neurons in the spinal cord, independent of the brain

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14
Q

Dendrite

A

Receives incoming neural messages

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15
Q

Soma

A

The body of the neuron containing the nucleus with the genetic material for the neuron

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16
Q

Axon

A

The pathway down which the neural messages travels

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17
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Fatty tissue that encases the axon to aid in speed of transmission

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18
Q

Axon terminals

A

Exit pathways for neural messages to make their way to the next neuron

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19
Q

Terminal Buttons

A

Releases a chemical substance known as a neurotransmitter to a receiving neuron for communication purposes

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20
Q

Neurotransmission

A

Process of communication between neurons using electro-chemical energy

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21
Q

Action Potential

A

Electrical impulse initiated by the soma that turns negative ions into positive and vice versa

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22
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

The chemical substance released by the terminal button of a neuron, necessary for neural communication. Fast acting, short lived and localized.

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23
Q

Excitatory

A

Increasing the likelihood that a neuron will fire an action potential

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24
Q

Inhibitory

A

Decreasing the likelihood that a neuron will fire an action potential

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25
Q

Glutamate

A

An excitatory neurotransmitter that is involved in memory and learning

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26
Q

GABA

A

An inhibitory neurotransmitter associated with calming feelings of anxiety, stress or fear

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27
Q

Neuromodulator

A

A chemical messenger that enhances signal transmission.

Acts outside of the synapse to modify neuronal excitability.

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28
Q

Dopamine

A

Neuromodulator involved in drive, motivation and motor movement

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29
Q

Serotonin

A

Neuromodulator involved in mood stabilization

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30
Q

Synaptic Plasticity

A

The ability of the synapse to change in response to experience.

Controls how effectively two neurons communicate.

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31
Q

Sprouting

A

Formation of new neural connections to create lots of new synaptic pathways.

32
Q

Rerouting

A

Establishment of an alternate synaptic pathway to avoid damaged neurons.

33
Q

Pruning

A

Removal of unnecessary synapses in order to make useful neural pathways more effective.

34
Q

Long Term Potentiation

A

The long lasting strengthening of synaptic connections resulting in enhanced efficiency of neural transmission

35
Q

Long Term Depression

A

The long lasting weakening of synaptic connections resulting in reduced efficiency of neural transmission.

36
Q

What are similarities between LTP and LTD?

A

Activity dependent, involve glutamate, occur at glutamate synapses, involve changes in excitability, long-lasting and are both forms of long-lasting plasticity.

37
Q

Stressor

A

The Stimulus that prompts a stress response

38
Q

Stress

A

A physiological and psychological state of tension

39
Q

Stress Response

A

The result of the stress displayed in physiological or psychological characteristics

40
Q

Eustress

A

Positive stress, short term, prepares the body for the absolute best performance

41
Q

Distress

A

Negative stress, short and long term, body is so distracted by stress that we become dysfunctional

42
Q

Examples of Internal Stressors

A

Hunger, illness, pessimistic attitude, low self esteem

43
Q

Examples of External stressors

A

An upcoming exam, financial difficulties, relationship conflicts, being overworked

44
Q

Acute Stress

A

Lasts for a relatively short time. The body bounces back well if the stress experienced is managed.

45
Q

Chronic Stress

A

Continues for a prolonged period of time. Involves ongoing demands, pressures and worries that are constant and long-lasting.

46
Q

Stress Responses: Physiological

A

Headache, cold/flu symptoms, skin rashes, heart palpitations

47
Q

Stress Responses: Psychological

A

Changes to eating and sleeping habits, irritability and aggression, decreased concentration, impaired memory.

48
Q

What is Cortisol?

A

It is the stress hormone. It involves increased glucose to help different bodily functions** repair damage** done through stress. It helps combat stress itself.

49
Q

What are the three stages of the Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome Model? (GAS)

A

Alarm Reaction, Resistance and Exhaustion

50
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of Stage 1 of the GAS model?

A

Shock - When we first become aware of the stressor, our body enters a temporary state of shock where our ability to deal with a stressor falls below normal.
Counter Shock - Our body then rebounds, initiating the F-F-F response. Resistance levels will rise above normal.

51
Q

SCARE

A

Shock, Counter shock, alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion

51
Q

What is the GAS model? Who created it?

A

Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome

52
Q

What happens to the body in Stage 2

Selye’s GAS

A

Body’s resistance to the stressor rises above normal. Physiological arousal is at a level above normal.
All necessary physiological processes are shut down.
Steroid hormones continue to be released.
Cortisol suppresses immune system activity.

53
Q

What happens to the body in stage 3?

Selye’s GAS

A

Resistance well below normal.
Body no longer has the resources to cope.
Increased vulnerability to disorders, as the immune system has been suppressed.

54
Q

Strengths of the Model

Selye’s GAS

A

Better understand links between stress and disease.
Raised awareness about the effects of stress on an individual’s physical health.
Identifies the physiological aspects of stress.

55
Q

Limitations of the Model

Selye’s GAS

A

Doesn’t acknowledge individual differences.
Conducted on rats, not necessarily generalizable to humans.
Overemphasizes the physiological aspects of stress, and doesn’t explain the psychological aspect.

56
Q

What is Primary Appraisal?

A

When we identify the stressor as being either irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful by asking ourselves questions.
And when we evaluate how the situation is stressful: Harm/Loss, a Threat or a Challenge.

57
Q

What is Secondary Appraisal?

A

When we evaluate our coping options and resources.

58
Q

What are the 3 ways we evaluate a stressful situation in reference to appraisal.

A

Harm - An assessment of how much damage has occurred.
Threat - An assessment of harm that may occur in the future.
Challenge - An assessment of the potential for personal growth.

59
Q

What is the name of the model that features Appraisal and Transaction?

A

Lazarus and Folkman’s Transactional Model of Stress and Coping

60
Q

Strengths of Lazarus and Folkman’s Model

A

Emphasises the psychological component of stress
Explains the variability in human stress responses trhough emphasing the subjective process of appraisal.
Experiments were done on humans, so are more generalised.

61
Q

Limitations of Lazarus and Folkman’s Model

A

Appraisal is a subjective process; it is difficult to test the propositions of the model through experimental research.
As appraisal is often immediate and unconscious, it is difficult to isolate primary & secondary appraisal for experimental purposes.
It does not account for physiological aspects of stress as throughly as the GAS model.

62
Q

What is the gut?

A

Microbiome responsible for processing food, absorbing nutrients and excreting waste.

63
Q

Gut-Brain Axis

A

Two-way connection and communication pathway between the gut and the brain. (CNS and the Enteric NS)

64
Q

Microbiota

A

Microorganism population that lives in a specific ecosystem such as the human gut.

65
Q

What is the link between Microbiota and Stress?

A

A healthy gut microbiota produces important hormones and neurotransmitters needed for normal functioning.

66
Q

Name for imbalance in gut microbiota

A

Gut Dysbiosis

67
Q

Coping

A

All the things we do to manage and reduce the stress we experience

68
Q

Coping Strategy

A

A method that we use to manage or reduce the stress produced by a stressor

69
Q

Coping Flexibility

A

The ability to modify our coping strategies to adapt and meet the demands of different stressful situations

70
Q

Steps of Coping Flexibility

A

-Recognise whether the coping strategy is appropriate
-Select a coping strategy that suits the situation
-Recognise when the coping strategy being used is ineffective
-Discontinue using an ineffective coping strategy and implement an alternative, more effective one.

71
Q

High coping flexibility

A

Individuals with highcoping flexibility quickly regain and adjust their coping strategies if they are ineffective.

72
Q

Low coping flexibility

A

Individuals with low coping flexibility tend to rely on the same, limited coping strategies, and persist with them even if they are ineffective.

73
Q

Approach Strategy

A

An effort to confront a stressor and deal directly with it and its effects

74
Q

Avoidance Strategy

A

An effort to avoid a stressor and not deal with it directly

75
Q

Context-Specific Effectiveness

A

When the coping strategy is appropriate to the stressful situation.

76
Q

Examples of coping strategies

A

Relaxation techniques, physical activity, setting goals, asking for help, emotionally supportive relationships.

Psychology Units 3/4 (4 decks)

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