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Psychology > UNIT 3 AOS 2 approaches to learning and memory > Flashcards

UNIT 3 AOS 2 approaches to learning and memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is learning?

A

acquiring knowledge, skills or behaviours through experience. Learning is relatively permanent.
learning can intentional or unintentional.
We can be active or passive learners

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2
Q

intentional learning

A

requires effort

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3
Q

unintentional learning

A

no effort

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4
Q

passive learning

A

classic conditioning

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5
Q

active learning

A

operant learning

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6
Q

Classical conditioning (CC)

A

a form of learning that occurs through repeated association of two different stimulus to produce a naturally occuring response, the leaner is passive

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7
Q

behaviourism

A

a psych approach that proposed learning occurs by interacting with the external environment

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8
Q

before conditioning

A

the first stage of CC, which the neutral stimulus has no association and does not produce any significant response

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9
Q

during conditioning

A

the second stage of CC, which the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditional stimulus, producing an unconditioned response

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10
Q

after conditioning

A

the third stage of classical conditioning during which the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus, producing a conditioned response

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11
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

a three-phase learning process that involves an antecedent, behaviour and consequences of a behaviours that determines the likelihood that it will reoccur

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12
Q

Antecedent

A

the stimulus or event that precedes and often elicits a particular behaviour

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13
Q

behaviour

A

known as the operant response. The voluntary actions that occur in the presence of the antecedent

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14
Q

consequences

A

the outcome of the behaviour, which determines the likelihood that it will happen again

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15
Q

types of consequences

A
  • Positive reinforcement
  • Positive punishment
  • Negative reinforcement
  • Negative punishment
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16
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

the addition of a desirable stimulus
e.g) getting a gold star for doing your homework

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17
Q

Positive punishment

A

the addition of an undesirable stimulus
e.g) getting detention for not doing homework

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18
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

the removal of an undesirable stimulus
e.g) being let off doing chores at home for getting a good result

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19
Q

negative punishment

A

(also known as a repsonse cost)
- the removal of a desirable stimulus
e.g) paying money to a fine

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20
Q

observational learning

A
  • socio-cognitive approach to learning that occurs when an individual sees another person’s actions and the consequences of those actions, this guides future behaviour
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21
Q

socio-cognitive approaches to learning

A

theories that propose learning takes place in a social setting and involves various cognitive processes

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22
Q

model

A

the perosn who is performing the behvaiour that is being observed

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23
Q

stages of observational learning

A
  • attention
  • retention
  • reproduction
  • motivation
  • reinforcement
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24
Q

attention

A

involves the learner actively watching the model

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25
Q

retention

A

involves the learner storing mental representation of the behaviour

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26
Q

reproduction

A

learner has the mental and physical ability to perform the behaviour

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27
Q

motivation

A

is when the learner has the desire to initate the behaviour

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28
Q

reinforcement

A

is when the learner experiences a positive outcome after performing that behaviour, most likely to repeat in the future

29
Q

types of motivation

A
  • intrinsic: occurs from within the individual
    e.g) desire to perform well on an exam
  • extrinsic: occurs from factors external to the individual.
    e.g) desire to receive praise from a teacher
30
Q

types of reinforcement

A
  • Self-reinforcement: occurs when a behaviour is reinforced through factors internal to the individual such as feeling proud of yourself
  • External reinforcement: when the behaviour is reinforced by factors external to the individual such as receiving an award
  • Vicarious reinforcement: when a behaviour is being reinforced by OBSERVING the reinforcement of another individual who is performing the same behaviour. This can enhance the individual motivation and make them more likely to perform the behaviour again.
31
Q

what is memory

A

memory is the active process of encoding, storing and retrieving information that has been previously encountered when required

32
Q

Atkinson-Shiffrin multi-store model of memory

A

INCOMING SENSORY INFO -> SENSORY MEMORY (echoic,iconic, register, if not attended to, it will be lost from sensory memory) -(attention)-> SHORT TERM MEMORY ( rehearse, if not rehearsed, it will be lost from STM) -(retrieval and encoding) -> LTM (storage)

33
Q

Memory processes

A

Encoding - a process of converting information from our STM into a form that brains can store
Storage - a process of retaining information in our long-term memory for future use
Retrieval - the process of retrieving info that has been stored in LTM and bringing it into our conscious awareness in STM

34
Q

Sensory memory function, duration, capacity

A

Function - receives sensory information from the environment and stores It
Capacity - unlimited
Duration - 0.2 - 4 seconds

35
Q

Types of Sensory memory (Iconic, echoic) function, duration, capacity

A

iconic
- Function = stores visual sensory info
- Duration = 0.2 - 4 seconds
- Capacity = unlimited
Echoic
- Function = stores auditory sensory information
- Duration = 3-4 seconds
- Capacity = unlimited

36
Q

STM function, duration, capacity

A

Function = receives info from sensory memory and transfers information to and from LTM. Consciously aware
Capacity = 5 - 9 items (7+_ 2)
Duration = 18 - 30 seconds, can be longer if maintained (repetition, maintenance, rehearsal) memory technique called chunking

37
Q

LTM function, duration, capacity

A

Function = information storage for re-access and use at a later time
Capacity = unlimited
Duration = potentially permanent, some info may be lost or inaccessible over time

38
Q

STM as working memory

A

STM enables us to maintain information in conscious awareness whilst we actively ‘work on’ and manipulate the information during tasks

39
Q

Implicit memory

A

implicit
- memory without awareness
Procedural memory
- skills for doing things
Classically conditioned memory
- conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli

40
Q

Explicit memory

A

Explicit (declarative)
- memory with awareness
Episodic memory
- personal experiences
Semantic memory
- facts + knowledge

41
Q

Brain structures involved in explicit memory

A
  • Hippocampus
  • Amygdala
  • Neocortex
42
Q

Hippocampus in explicit memory

A
  • The hippocampus ENCODES declarative memories
  • Neural degeneration in the hippocampus is a leading contributor in the development of Alzheimer’s disease
43
Q

Amygdala

A
  • The amygdala helps to form and retrieves explicit (declarative) memories (especially those that are emotionally driven )
  • Adrenaline aids in the formation and strength of emotional memories. Also helps to recognize emotions in others

ADRENALINE -> AMYGDALA -> HIPPOCAMPUS

44
Q

Neocortex

A

Responsible for attention, thought, perception - all which influence memory. Stores episodic and semantic memories once they are encoded and transferred from the hippocampus.
also heavily linked to processing and recognition of auditory stimuli.

45
Q

CORTEX

A

STORES ALL MEMORY

46
Q

Brain structures in implicit memory

A
  • Basal Ganglia
  • Cerebellum
47
Q

Basal ganglia

A
  • responsible for the encoding of motor (procedural memories - implicit)
  • associated with habitat - forming, linking, and stimulus and response learning
  • the basal ganglia makes dopamine in the formation of these memories
48
Q

cerebellum

A
  • responsible for the encoding (procedural memories - implicit)
  • controls balance, co-ordination, movement and motor skills
49
Q

habituation

A

Process of growing accustomed to a situation or stimulus. involves a decrease in responsiveness following repeated exposure to the stimulus

50
Q

Studying the brain

A
  • MRI
    -fMRI
    -PET
51
Q

MRI

A

long ‘ xray’ safer but expensive. Scans the whole brain

52
Q

fMRI

A

tracks oxygen levels in the brain, indicates which part of the brain is more active

53
Q

PET

A

track blood flow in the brain

54
Q

Neurodegenerative diseases

A
  • dementia ( vascular, Alzheimer)
  • Parkinson
  • MND
  • Huntington
55
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

results from a loss of neurons in the hippocampus and causes memory loss and personality change (episodic.

In the early stages of Alzheimer’s episodic memory is first lost but then as it progresses semantic memory is affected

56
Q

What can be seen in a brain with Alzheimer’s

A
  • Amyloid plaques + TAU proteins ( these are proteins and plaques which interfere with neurons health and ability to transmit messages)
  • Neurofibrillary tangles - within the cell/neuron
  • cortex shrinkage
  • imbalance in acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) - not enough acetylcholine affects memories
57
Q

Aphantasia

A
  • rare condition where individuals are unable to see a visual; imagery: they cannot produce a visual; in their mind
  • Aphantasia is a rare condition, while Alzheimer’s is the most common type of dementia
  • has a less active visual cortex, as that is where imagining occurs
58
Q

Aphantasia triggers

A
  • Developed from birth
  • Can be developed from a brain injury
  • Heart conditions can trigger it
  • psychotic disorders
  • depressive episodes
59
Q

aphantasia weakness

A
  • Episodic memory
  • Imagining
  • Facial recongitioning
  • Dreaming
60
Q

correlation

A
  • Higher IQ
  • Autism
  • Synaesthesia
61
Q

Mnemonics

A

Devices and techniques used to aid the encoding, storage and retrieval of information

62
Q

types of Mnemonics

A

Written Culture
- Acronym
- Acrostics
- Method of loci
Oral cultrue
- Songlines

63
Q

Memory is enhanced by

A

Rehearsal
- Maintenance
- Elaborative (better meaning)
Effort
- Energy, Attention, time, thought
Meaning + Understanding ( semantics)

64
Q

Acronyms

A

A mnemonic device in which the first letter of each item to be recalled are placed together to create a word
e.g NASA, FOMO

65
Q

Acrostics

A

A mnemonic device in which the first letters of an item creates a phrase, rhyme or poem to aid memory
e.g to remember Kingdoms, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
acrostics Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach

66
Q

Method of loci

A

A mnemonic that converts items into mental images associates them with specific locations to aid memory
E.g) remembering a list of items in a particular order

67
Q

oral

A

songlines

68
Q
A

Psychology (4 decks)

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