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psychology units 3 & 4 > Unit 3 AOS 2 > Flashcards

Unit 3 AOS 2 Flashcards

Approaches to understanding learning and The psychobiological process of memory

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1
Q

Learning

A

process of acquiring knowledge, skills or behaviours through experience

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2
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

process of learning through the involuntary association between a neutral and an unconditioned stimulus that results in a conditioned response

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3
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

the stimulus that produces no significant response prior to conditioning

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4
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

the stimulus that produces an unconscious response

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5
Q

Unconditioned response

A

a naturally occurring behaviour in response to a stimulus

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6
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

the stimulus (originally neutral stimulus) that produces a conditioned response after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus

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7
Q

Conditioned response

A

response that occurs involuntarily after the conditioned stimulus is presented

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8
Q

Before conditioning

A

the first stage of classical conditioning during which the neutral stimulus produces no significant response and the unconditioned stimulus produces an unconditioned response

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9
Q

During conditioning

A

the second stage of classical conditioning during which the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus, producing the unconditioned response

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10
Q

After conditioning

A

the third stage of classical conditioning, during which the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus, producing a conditioned response

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11
Q

Which division of the nervous system coordinates Classical Conditioning?

A

autonomic nervous system, as it involves learning an involuntary response

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12
Q

Which division of the nervous system coordinates Operant Conditioning?

A

somatic nervous system, as it involves learning a voluntary response

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13
Q

Operant conditioning

A

a three-phase learning process that involves an antecedent, behaviour and consequence, where the consequence of a behaviour determines the likelihood that it will reoccur

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14
Q

Antecedent

A

the stimulus or event that precedes and often elicits a particular behaviour

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15
Q

Behaviour

A

voluntary actions that occur in the presence of an antecedent

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16
Q

Consequence

A

outcome of the behaviour, which determines the likelihood that it will occur again

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17
Q

Reinforcement

A

a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring

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18
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

addition of a desirable stimulus which increases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring

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19
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

removal of an undesirable stimulus which increases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring

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20
Q

Punishment

A

A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring

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21
Q

Positive punishment

A

addition of an undesirable stimulus which decreases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring

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22
Q

Negative punishment

A

removal of a desirable stimulus which decreases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring

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23
Q

Observational learning

A

process of learning that involves watching the behaviour of a model, and the associated consequence of that behaviour

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24
Q

Stages of observational learning

A

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation, reinforcement

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25
Q

Attention

A

individuals actively focus on the model’s behaviour and the consequence of the behaviour

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26
Q

Retention

A

Individuals create a mental representation to remember the model’s demonstrated behaviour

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27
Q

Reproduction

A

individuals must have the physical and mental capabilities to replicate the behaviour

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28
Q

Motivation

A

individuals must want to reproduce the behaviour

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29
Q

Reinforcement

A

individuals receive a positive consequence for the behaviour which makes them more likely to reproduce the behaviour again in the future

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30
Q

Country

A

The traditional lands of a particular language or cultural group, including geographical boundary and the spiritual, emotional and intellectual connections to and within int.

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31
Q

Systems of knowledge

A

knowledge and skills are based on interconnected social, physical and spiritual understandings that inform survival and contribute to a strong sense of identity

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32
Q

What does it mean by learning is multimodal?

A

learning for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples occurs through a range of methods

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33
Q

Learning is deeply embedded in relationships between…

A
  • concepts
  • learn and teacher
  • Country
  • individuals, families and communities
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34
Q

How are systems of knowledge developed?

A

by communities working together and sharing traditional expertise and knowledge, informed by culture and consist of information that is highly interconnected

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35
Q

Memory

A

process of encoding, storing and retrieving information that has been previously encountered

36
Q

Atkinson-Shiffrin multi-store model of memory

A

a model of memory that outlines the three separate stages of memory (sensory, short-term and long-term), each of which interact through the processes of encoding, storage and retrieval

37
Q

Sensory memory

A

a store of memory which very briefly stores raw information detected by the senses

38
Q

Iconic memory

A

visual information, last 0.2-0.4 seconds, unlimited capacity

39
Q

Echoic memory

A

auditory information, lasts 3-4 seconds, unlimited capacity

40
Q

Short-term memory

A

a store of memory that temporarily stores a limited amount of information that is consciously being attended to and actively manipulated

41
Q

Duration and capacity of short-term memory

A

STM has a limited capacity of 7±2 items. Duration of STM is 18-30 seconds for most people

42
Q

Rehearsal

A

a controlled process which involves consciously repeating or manipulating information in STM

43
Q

Encoding

A

process of converting information into a usable form which can be manipulated and stored in the brain

44
Q

Long-term memory

A

a store of memory in which a potentially unlimited amount of information is stored for a relatively permanent amount of time

45
Q

How is information encoded into LTM?

A

physical changes in neurons of the brain for storage

46
Q

Storage

A

retention of information over time

47
Q

Retrieval

A

process of accessing information that has been stored in LTM and bringing it into our conscious awareness in STM

48
Q

Explicit memory

A

a type of LTM that is consciously retrieved

49
Q

Semantic memory

A

a type of explicit memory that consists of general knowledge or facts

50
Q

Episodic memory

A

a type of explicit memory that consists of personal experiences or events

51
Q

Implicit memory

A

a type of LTM that is unconsciously retrieved

52
Q

Procedural memory

A

a type of implicit memory that involves knowing how to carry out tasks that are facilitated by motor skills

53
Q

Classically conditioned memory

A

a type of implicit memory that involves an involuntary response to a stimulus which has been repeatedly associated with an emotionally-arousing stimulus

54
Q

Brain structures involved in memory

A

hippocampus, amygdala, neocortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum

55
Q

Hippocampus

A

a brain structure that is primarily involved in encoding explicit memories

56
Q

Amygdala

A

a brain structure that is primarily involved in encoding the emotional components of memories

57
Q

Neocortex

A

A brain structure that stores explicit memories

58
Q

Basal ganglia

A

A brain structure that is involved in encoding and storing implicit memories, specifically those related to habit formation, procedural memories and reward-based learning

59
Q

Cerebellum

A

A brain structure that encodes and stores procedural memories and classically conditioned memories

60
Q

People who have damage to the hippocampus may experience…

A

difficulty forming new explicit memories due to the hippocampus’ role in encoding these memories

61
Q

Autobiographical experiences

A

personally lived experiences

62
Q

autobiographic memory

A

autobiographical events are stored in LTM and are retrieved every time you think/speak about them

63
Q

possible imagined futures

A

hypothetical experiences and situations that an individual has the ability to create and conceptualise in their mind

64
Q

people who sustain damage to their hippocampus not only experience…

A

difficulty remembering past events, but also struggle to imagine future scenarios

65
Q

neurodegenerative diseases

A

diseases characterised by the progressive loss of neurons in the brain

66
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

a neurodegenerative disease that involves the progressive loss of neurons in the brain and is characterised by memory decline

67
Q

A conclusive diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease can only be made through…

A

a post-mortem examination

68
Q

Post-mortem examination

A

assessment of a dead body to determine cause of death

69
Q

Lesion

A

area of tissue that has been damaged due to disease or injury

70
Q

Biological causes of Alzheimer’s disease

A

lesions associated are amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

70
Q

Alzheimer’s disease begins with…

A

neuron death in the hippocampus, which spreads to the cerebral cortex and affects previously stored long-term memories and the processing of new short-term memories

71
Q

Amyloid plaques

A

fragments of the protein beta-amyloid that accumulate into insoluble plaques that inhibit communication between neurons. FORM OUTSIDE OF NEURONS

72
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles

A

accumulation of the protein tau that forms insoluble tangles within neurons, which then inhibit the transportation of essential substances and eventually kill the neuron entirely. FORM INSIDE OF NEURONS

73
Q

What does neuron death mean?

A

the overall mass of the brain reduces in size

74
Q

Aphantasia

A

the absence of voluntary visual imagery

75
Q

Mental imagery

A

perception-like experience in our conscious thought in the absence of external sensory stimuli

76
Q

Written culture

A

a culture where information, knowledge, stories and customs are shared in a written form

77
Q

Oral cultures

A

a culture where information, knowledge, stories and customs are shared in an oral form

78
Q

Mnemonics

A

techniques used to aid the encoding, storage and retrieval of information

79
Q

Acronym

A

a mnemonic device in which the first letters of items form a pronounceable word

80
Q

Acrostic

A

a mnemonic device in which the first letters of items create a phrase, rhyme or poem

81
Q

Method of Loci

A

a mnemonic device that converts items into mental images and associates them with specific locations

82
Q

Sung narratives

A

stories that share important cultural, ecological and survival information through the use of singing, harmony and rhythm

83
Q

What role do narration and rhythm have in sung narratives

A

they enhance the encoding, transferring and retrieval of vital cultural and survival information

84
Q

Songlines

A

A sequence of short sung narratives associated with specific locations that are linked by a physically walked or imagined path through Country

psychology units 3 & 4 (5 decks)

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