Unit 3 AOS 2 Flashcards
Approaches to understanding learning and The psychobiological process of memory
Learning
process of acquiring knowledge, skills or behaviours through experience
Classical Conditioning
process of learning through the involuntary association between a neutral and an unconditioned stimulus that results in a conditioned response
Neutral stimulus
the stimulus that produces no significant response prior to conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus
the stimulus that produces an unconscious response
Unconditioned response
a naturally occurring behaviour in response to a stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
the stimulus (originally neutral stimulus) that produces a conditioned response after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
response that occurs involuntarily after the conditioned stimulus is presented
Before conditioning
the first stage of classical conditioning during which the neutral stimulus produces no significant response and the unconditioned stimulus produces an unconditioned response
During conditioning
the second stage of classical conditioning during which the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus, producing the unconditioned response
After conditioning
the third stage of classical conditioning, during which the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus, producing a conditioned response
Which division of the nervous system coordinates Classical Conditioning?
autonomic nervous system, as it involves learning an involuntary response
Which division of the nervous system coordinates Operant Conditioning?
somatic nervous system, as it involves learning a voluntary response
Operant conditioning
a three-phase learning process that involves an antecedent, behaviour and consequence, where the consequence of a behaviour determines the likelihood that it will reoccur
Antecedent
the stimulus or event that precedes and often elicits a particular behaviour
Behaviour
voluntary actions that occur in the presence of an antecedent
Consequence
outcome of the behaviour, which determines the likelihood that it will occur again
Reinforcement
a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
Positive reinforcement
addition of a desirable stimulus which increases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
Negative reinforcement
removal of an undesirable stimulus which increases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
Punishment
A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
Positive punishment
addition of an undesirable stimulus which decreases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
Negative punishment
removal of a desirable stimulus which decreases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
Observational learning
process of learning that involves watching the behaviour of a model, and the associated consequence of that behaviour
Stages of observational learning
attention, retention, reproduction, motivation, reinforcement
Attention
individuals actively focus on the model’s behaviour and the consequence of the behaviour
Retention
Individuals create a mental representation to remember the model’s demonstrated behaviour
Reproduction
individuals must have the physical and mental capabilities to replicate the behaviour
Motivation
individuals must want to reproduce the behaviour
Reinforcement
individuals receive a positive consequence for the behaviour which makes them more likely to reproduce the behaviour again in the future
Country
The traditional lands of a particular language or cultural group, including geographical boundary and the spiritual, emotional and intellectual connections to and within int.
Systems of knowledge
knowledge and skills are based on interconnected social, physical and spiritual understandings that inform survival and contribute to a strong sense of identity
What does it mean by learning is multimodal?
learning for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples occurs through a range of methods
Learning is deeply embedded in relationships between…
- concepts
- learn and teacher
- Country
- individuals, families and communities
How are systems of knowledge developed?
by communities working together and sharing traditional expertise and knowledge, informed by culture and consist of information that is highly interconnected
Memory
process of encoding, storing and retrieving information that has been previously encountered
Atkinson-Shiffrin multi-store model of memory
a model of memory that outlines the three separate stages of memory (sensory, short-term and long-term), each of which interact through the processes of encoding, storage and retrieval
Sensory memory
a store of memory which very briefly stores raw information detected by the senses
Iconic memory
visual information, last 0.2-0.4 seconds, unlimited capacity
Echoic memory
auditory information, lasts 3-4 seconds, unlimited capacity
Short-term memory
a store of memory that temporarily stores a limited amount of information that is consciously being attended to and actively manipulated
Duration and capacity of short-term memory
STM has a limited capacity of 7±2 items. Duration of STM is 18-30 seconds for most people
Rehearsal
a controlled process which involves consciously repeating or manipulating information in STM
Encoding
process of converting information into a usable form which can be manipulated and stored in the brain
Long-term memory
a store of memory in which a potentially unlimited amount of information is stored for a relatively permanent amount of time
How is information encoded into LTM?
physical changes in neurons of the brain for storage
Storage
retention of information over time
Retrieval
process of accessing information that has been stored in LTM and bringing it into our conscious awareness in STM
Explicit memory
a type of LTM that is consciously retrieved
Semantic memory
a type of explicit memory that consists of general knowledge or facts
Episodic memory
a type of explicit memory that consists of personal experiences or events
Implicit memory
a type of LTM that is unconsciously retrieved
Procedural memory
a type of implicit memory that involves knowing how to carry out tasks that are facilitated by motor skills
Classically conditioned memory
a type of implicit memory that involves an involuntary response to a stimulus which has been repeatedly associated with an emotionally-arousing stimulus
Brain structures involved in memory
hippocampus, amygdala, neocortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum
Hippocampus
a brain structure that is primarily involved in encoding explicit memories
Amygdala
a brain structure that is primarily involved in encoding the emotional components of memories
Neocortex
A brain structure that stores explicit memories
Basal ganglia
A brain structure that is involved in encoding and storing implicit memories, specifically those related to habit formation, procedural memories and reward-based learning
Cerebellum
A brain structure that encodes and stores procedural memories and classically conditioned memories
People who have damage to the hippocampus may experience…
difficulty forming new explicit memories due to the hippocampus’ role in encoding these memories
Autobiographical experiences
personally lived experiences
autobiographic memory
autobiographical events are stored in LTM and are retrieved every time you think/speak about them
possible imagined futures
hypothetical experiences and situations that an individual has the ability to create and conceptualise in their mind
people who sustain damage to their hippocampus not only experience…
difficulty remembering past events, but also struggle to imagine future scenarios
neurodegenerative diseases
diseases characterised by the progressive loss of neurons in the brain
Alzheimer’s disease
a neurodegenerative disease that involves the progressive loss of neurons in the brain and is characterised by memory decline
A conclusive diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease can only be made through…
a post-mortem examination
Post-mortem examination
assessment of a dead body to determine cause of death
Lesion
area of tissue that has been damaged due to disease or injury
Biological causes of Alzheimer’s disease
lesions associated are amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
Alzheimer’s disease begins with…
neuron death in the hippocampus, which spreads to the cerebral cortex and affects previously stored long-term memories and the processing of new short-term memories
Amyloid plaques
fragments of the protein beta-amyloid that accumulate into insoluble plaques that inhibit communication between neurons. FORM OUTSIDE OF NEURONS
Neurofibrillary tangles
accumulation of the protein tau that forms insoluble tangles within neurons, which then inhibit the transportation of essential substances and eventually kill the neuron entirely. FORM INSIDE OF NEURONS
What does neuron death mean?
the overall mass of the brain reduces in size
Aphantasia
the absence of voluntary visual imagery
Mental imagery
perception-like experience in our conscious thought in the absence of external sensory stimuli
Written culture
a culture where information, knowledge, stories and customs are shared in a written form
Oral cultures
a culture where information, knowledge, stories and customs are shared in an oral form
Mnemonics
techniques used to aid the encoding, storage and retrieval of information
Acronym
a mnemonic device in which the first letters of items form a pronounceable word
Acrostic
a mnemonic device in which the first letters of items create a phrase, rhyme or poem
Method of Loci
a mnemonic device that converts items into mental images and associates them with specific locations
Sung narratives
stories that share important cultural, ecological and survival information through the use of singing, harmony and rhythm
What role do narration and rhythm have in sung narratives
they enhance the encoding, transferring and retrieval of vital cultural and survival information
Songlines
A sequence of short sung narratives associated with specific locations that are linked by a physically walked or imagined path through Country
