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psychology units 3 & 4 > Key science skills > Flashcards

Key science skills Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of investigation methodologies

A
  • controlled experiments
  • case studies
  • correlational study
  • fieldwork
  • literature review
  • modelling
  • simulation
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2
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of controlled experiments

A

Advantage: allows researchers to infer the relationships between specific variables and draw conclusions about them

Disadvantage: can be time-consuming and expensive to manipulate and measure certain variables

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3
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of case studies

A

Advantage: provide highly detailed and rich information

Disadvantages: results cannot be generalised to a wide population as they often involve a small group of people or one person

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4
Q

Correlational study v.s. controlled experiment

A

In a correlational study, researchers observe and measure the relationship between two or more variables without any active control or manipulation of them.

In a controlled experiment, the relationship between two variables is tested in a controlled environment; effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable is tested while aiming to control all other variables

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5
Q

Experimental research designs

A
  • within subjects
  • between subjects
  • mixed design
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6
Q

Within-subjects design

A

an experimental design in which participants complete every experimental condition

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7
Q

Between-subjects design

A

An experimental design in which individuals are divided into different groups and complete only one experimental condition

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8
Q

Mixed design

A

An experimental design which combines elements of within-subjects and between-subjects designs

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9
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of within-subjects design

A

Advantage: less people are needed because each participant completes each experimental condition

Disadvantage: completing one experimental condition first may influence how participants perform in the other condition (e.g. due to fatigue, practice)

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10
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of between-subjects design

A

Advantage: may be less time-consuming as different participants can complete different conditions simultaneously

Disadvantage: Differences between participants across groups can affect results

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11
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of mixed design

A

Advantage: Allows experimenters to compare results across experimental conditions

Disadvantage: can be more costly and time-consuming

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12
Q

Sampling techniques

A
  • random sampling
  • stratified sampling
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13
Q

Random sampling

A

any sampling technique that uses a procedure to ensure every member of the population has the same chance of being selected

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14
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of random sampling

A

advantage: it can make a fairly representative sample if the sample is large

disadvantage: time-consuming to ensure every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

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15
Q

Stratified sampling

A

any sampling technique that involves selecting people from the population in a way that ensures its strata (subgroups) are proportionally represented in the sample

Process:
1. Dividing the research population into different strata based on characteristics relevant to the study
2. Selecting participants from each stratum to how they appear in the population (randomly or systematically)

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16
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of stratified sampling

A

advantage: most likely to produce a representative sample

disadvantage: time-consuming and expensive

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17
Q

Extraneous variable

A

any variable that is not the independent variable but may cause an unwanted effect on the dependent variable

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18
Q

Confounding variable

A

a variable that has directly and systematically affected the dependent variable, apart from the independent variable

19
Q

Preventing extraneous and confounding variables

A
  • sampling size and procedures
  • experimental design choice
20
Q

Primary data v.s secondary data

A

primary data is data collected first-hand by a researcher

secondary data is data sourced from others’ prior research

21
Q

Quantitative data v.s Qualitative data

A

Quantitative data is data that is expressed numerically

Qualitative data is data that is expressed non-numerically

22
Q

Objective data v.s. Subjective data

A

Objective data is factual data that is observed and measured independently of personal opinion

Subjective data is data that is informed by personal opinion, perception or interpretation

23
Q

Positions of IV and DV on a bar chart

A

independent variable = x-axis
dependent variable = y-axis

24
Q

Accuracy and Precision

A

Accuracy: how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity being measured

Precision: how closely a set of measurement values agree with each other

25
Q

Systematic errors

A

errors in data that differ from the true value by a consistent amount

causes:
- environmental factors
- observational/researcher error

26
Q

Random errors

A

errors in data that are unsystematic and occur due to chance

Causes:
- poorly controlled measurement procedures
- faulty measurement tools
- differences between participants and environment

27
Q

Repeatability

A

the extent to which successive measurements or studies produce the same results when carried out under identical conditions within a short period of time

e.g. same procedure, observer instructions and setting

28
Q

Reproducibility

A

The extent to which successive measurements or studies produce the same results when repeated under different conditions

e.g. different participants, time, observer and environmental conditions

29
Q

Internal validity

A

the extent to which an investigation truly measures or investigates what it claims to

  • did experimental design minimise extraneous variables
  • was sample and allocation representative and unbiased
  • did the IV truly affect the DV
30
Q

External validity

A

the extent to which the results of an investigation can be applied to similar individuals in different settings

improving external validity:
- using sampling procedures that create a more representative sample
- diverse and large sample size

31
Q

Ethical concepts

A
  • beneficence
  • integrity
  • justice
  • non-maleficence
  • respect
32
Q

Beneficence

A

the commitment to maximising benefits and minimising the risks and harms involved

33
Q

Integrity

A

the commitment to searching for knowledge and understanding and the honest reporting of all sources of information and results

34
Q

Justice

A
  • ensures that there is fair consideration of competing claims
  • there is no unfair burden on a particular group involved in the research
  • there is fair access to research
34
Q

Ethical guidelines

A
  • voluntary participation
  • informed consent procedures
  • confidentiality
  • use of deception
  • withdrawal rights
  • debriefing
35
Q

Non-maleficence

A

the principle of avoiding causing harm

35
Q

Respect

A
  • every living thing has value
  • consider culture, beliefs, autonomy, welfare
36
Q

Voluntary participation

A

there is no pressure put on the participant to partake in an experiment, they freely choose to be involved

37
Q

Informed consent procedures

A

Processes that ensure participants understand the nature and purpose of the experiment, including potential risks, before agreeing to participate

38
Q

Confidentiality

A

The privacy, protection and security of a participant’s personal information

39
Q

Use of deception

A

Intentionally misleading participants about the true nature of a study.
Can only be used if participants’ knowledge of the true purpose of the experiment would affect the results

40
Q

Withdrawal rights

A

the right of participants to be able to discontinue their involvement in an experiment at any time without penalty

41
Q

Debriefing

A

a procedure that ensures that participants leave the experiment understanding the aim, results and conclusions

psychology units 3 & 4 (5 decks)

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