Unit 3, Aos 1, Dp 5-6 - Overview

Question 1

Smoking

Answer 1

• Smoking: damages cells in lungs -> respiratory conditions (emphysema) -> YLL/mortality
• Smoking: increases blood pressure -> heart attack/stroke -> YLL/mortality

Question 2

Alcohol

Answer 2

• Alcohol: filtered through liver -> scarring of liver tissue -> toxins remaining in body -> chronic liver disease -> YLL/mortality
• Alcohol: excess kilojoules stored as fat -> weight gain/obesity -> type 2 -> YLD/morbidity

Question 3

BMI

Answer 3

• High BMI: strain on joints -> cartilage wears down -> osteoarthritis -> YLD/morbidity
• High BMI: strain on heart -> blood pressure -> heart attack -> YLL/mortality

Question 4

Veggies/Fruits

Answer 4

• Vegetables/Fruit: low fibre (ongoing hunger) -> overeating -> weight gain -> cardiovascular disease -> YLD/morbidity
• Vegetables/Fruit: high in antioxidants -> low intake means free radicals -> harm body tissues -> contribute to cancer -> YLL/mortality
• Vegetables/Fruit: intake of some vitamins deficient -> neural tube defects such as spina bifida -> incidence/YLD

Question 5

Dairy

Answer 5

Dairy: calcium intake low -> weak porous bones -> osteoporosis -> YLD/morbidity

Question 6

Fat

Answer 6

• Fat: energy dense -> weight gain -> cardiovascular disease -> YLL/mortality
• Fat: change composition of cell membrane -> interfere transport of glucose into the cell -> impaired glucose regulation -> type 2 diabetes -> YLD/morbidity

Question 7

Salt

Answer 7

• Salt: increases blood volume -> fluid drawn out of cells -> increase blood pressure -> heart attack -> YLL/mortality
• Salt: increases blood pressure -> strain on kidney -> kidney disease -> YLD/morbidity

Question 8

Sugar

Answer 8

• Sugar: fuel for bacteria in mouth -> produce acid -> dental decay -> dental caries
• Sugar: excess kilojoules stored as fat -> weight gain/obesity -> type 2 diabetes -> YLD/morbidity

Question 9

Fibre

Answer 9

• Fibre: assists in cleansing digestive tract -> colorectal cancer -> YLL/mortality
• Fibre: increases absorption of glucose -> puts pressure on pancreas -> type 2 diabetes -> YLD/morbidity

Question 10

Iron

Answer 10

Iron: reduced delivery of oxygen to cells -> lack of healthy red blood cells -> anaemia -> YLD/morbidity

Question 11

Indigenous and Non-Indigenous (Biological)

Answer 11

• high body mass
• hypertension
• impaired glucose regulation

Question 12

Indigenous and Non-Indigenous (SES)

Answer 12

• unemployment
• social exclusion
• lack of access to culturally appropriate healthcare

Question 13

Indigenous and Non-Indigenous (Environment)

Answer 13

• lack of access to healthcare
• overcrowded housing
• poor road quality

Question 14

Indigenous and Non-Indigenous (HS)

Answer 14

• higher rates of dental decay/gum disease
• diabetes
• life expectancy 10 years less

Question 15

Males and Females (Biological)

Answer 15

• high body mass
• hypertension
• impaired glucose regulation

Question 16

Males and Females (SES)

Answer 16

• impacts of unemployment
• higher SES

Question 17

Males and Females (Environment

Answer 17

• more dangerous environments

Question 18

Males and Females (HS)

Answer 18

• more avoidable deaths
• diabetes
• lower rates of osteoporosis

Question 19

Remote/Major City (Biological)

Answer 19

• high body mass
• hypertension
• impaired glucose regulation

Question 20

Remote/Major City (SES)

Answer 20

• lower incomes
• less access to education
• higher rates of unemployment

Question 21

Remote/Major City (Environmental)

Answer 21

• poorer road quality
• reduced proximity to transport, healthcare
• more dangerous work environments

Question 22

Remote/Major City (HS)

Answer 22

• higher avoidable deaths
• diabetes
• higher rates of preventable cancers

Question 23

SES (Biological)

Answer 23

• high body mass
• hypertension
• impaired glucose regulation

Question 24

SES (SES)

Answer 24

• social exclusion
• less likely to access healthcare
• lower levels of health literacy

Question 25

SES (Environmental)

Answer 25

• proximity to fast food
• dangerous work environment

Question 26

SES (HS)

Answer 26

• diabetes
• more avoidable deaths
• higher rates of strokes