Unit 3: Age of discovery

Question 1

What was the renaissance?

Answer 1

Revival of learning classical Greece and Roman knowledge in Europe after dark ages (rebirth)

Question 2

4 reasons for renaissance (LIST)

Answer 2

trade in cities
government
religion
human potential

Question 3

How did trade in cities help cause the renaissance

Answer 3

Crusades created a demand for luxury goods = people start to trade again and go to cities for the products they could not get in their own village

Question 4

how did government changes cause renaissance?

Answer 4

The 100-year war allowed kings to gain more power and taxability. Nationalism grew to fight for the king and not their lord.

Question 5

how did changes in religion cause the renaissance

Answer 5

Crusades and black death= the weekend power of the catholic church on people.(if the church cant protect you from the plague, what can it do?) ( crusades brought new knowledge- not dependent on the church for knowledge)

Question 6

how did Human potential cause renaissance

Answer 6

Middle ages people worked as peasants and lived on earth just to die and live a good life in heaven

The black death killed so many people- peasants able to leave the manor and find work in cities. Less people= higher demand= higher wages able to ask for.

Individuals became the center of attention = can do more during life now rather than waiting for the afterlife

Question 7

Why did the renaissance start in Italy?

Answer 7

Italian merchants started meeting the demand( GEOGRAPHY/ LOCATION OF ITALY IS THE CONNECTOR BETWEEN EUROPE AND SILK ROAD)
Merchant families(MEDICI) began very rich= they wanted to show off new wealth since social status could not reach royal. Did this by commissioning art etc= renaissance starts

Question 8

What is secular humanism?

Answer 8

The belief that humanity is capable of morality and self-fulfillment without belief in God.

Question 9

What are the new art techniques used in the renaissance?

Answer 9

Perspective- shows dimensions now/ background /vanishing point
Realism- more realistic colors/ figures in the paintings
Humanism- places humans not religion over
Emotion-show emotion of the people in pictures now
secularism - of this earth images and not only in heaven pictures.
Shadows and realistic colors

Question 10

What was the protestant reformation?

Answer 10

The religious movement in Europe during 1500 split away from the catholic church and created a new branch of Christianity-protestant. Started by Martin Luther

Question 11

Why was Martin Luther mad at the Catholic Church for selling indulgences?

Answer 11

paying to get “tickets” to heaven) (giving church money to guarantee your sins are forgiven and will go to heaven) instead of actually helping people not sin.

Question 12

What was the impact of the printing press on the protestant reformation?

Answer 12

printing pass= mass production of books now.
-BIBLE printed and everyone now has copy to read for themself

Question 13

What were the 3 impacts of the protestant reformation on Europe?

Answer 13

Religious wars broke out in Europe and lasted for hundreds of years.

England breaks away from church( Henry VIII wanted a divorce) English civil war between his children occurs, england is protestant now

Thirty -years war- catholics vs protestants for control of german states

Question 14

What were the effects of the thirty-year war?

Answer 14

created a basis for national self-determination( religious difference accpted)

Slow breakup of the Holy Roman Empire control

Europe now several independent state

Question 15

Why are these empires called gunpowder empires?

Answer 15

Used guns to conquered regions they ruled ( Ottoman, Mogul, Qing)

Question 16

What are janissaries and how were they used for the Ottomans to expand their control?

Answer 16

Soldiers sons of christians war captives. Trained and loyal to sultan. Fierce fighters = hard to beat so won and expanded empire

Question 17

What was the Ottomans government system like?

Answer 17

centralized government
Leader- Sultan political and military

Question 18

What religion were the sultans( Sunni or shia muslim? Review -what does that mean?)

Answer 18

Sunni- leaders do not need to be related to Muhammad

Question 19

What were their social structures like?( including statue of women)

Answer 19

Peasants, artisans, merchants, pastoral people

Women had more freedoms then other muslim nations since turkish cultural was more freedom

Question 20

How were their arts/trades - and how did they influence Europeans?

Answer 20

Known for textiles/ rugs. Music influenced Europe. fashion( suits) and food

Question 21

What economic impact did the Ottomans have?

Answer 21

Controlled the silk road. Crossroads of trade= wealthy and influential. Cultures blended

Question 22

What was the Mogul empire’s governance structure?

Answer 22

semi-independent states ( Zamindars - local officials)
king= ruler

Question 23

What was the Mogul culture like?

Answer 23

blending of Persian and Indian influences( Taj mahal example of this) ( paintings, people included from Indian art mixed with Persian styles)
Women had more freedom with Hindu history but also placed restrictions on( isolated women) from Muslim influence. Blend of two.

Question 24

What is the history behind the Sikh faith formation?

Answer 24

Founder -Guru Nanak (1500)
Living in diverse region of india
Guru- is a spiritual teacher, one sent by God for salvation of mankind

Question 25

What is the basis of the Sikh faith?

Answer 25

-Every person is a child of god, all faiths are different paths toward the same creator
-There are no bad people
-God is formless, all-powerful, all-loving,
-Anyone can active unity with god through humanity, meditation, honest, and seeing god’s light in all

Question 26

What was the government structure of the ming/ qing?

Answer 26

centralized government - used civil service examination to see who would get government jobs

Question 27

What was the Qing economy and daily life like?

Answer 27

-Life surrounded around family
-Women were seen as inferior to men
-Nobel women practiced foot binding
-Slavery was common

Question 28

Qing art and literature.

Answer 28

Because trade was increasing, the middle class was created with more money to spend on arts.
New literature increased - The dream of the red chamber very famous love story book.
Architecture - Imperial city/ forbidden
Convey power and prestige. Place where the imperial family lived/ government. Off-limits to commoners
Blue and white porcelain

Question 29

Why were Europeans exploring starting to explore?( 3 reasons)

Answer 29

Wealth - after the crusades Europe wanted silk road wealth but it was controlled by Islamic empires who could charge higher prices. Wanted to find a new route that bypassed the silk road to Asia

Spread of Christianity- after crusades religion gained importance to spread and was justified

New technology- learned from crusades/ Islamic empires. Better sails/map-making/astrolabe

Question 30

What was the reason why Portugal was one of the first European nations to start exploring?

Answer 30

Had prince- henry the navigator- who invested in schools to help learn how to navigate

Started exploring in Africa and found wealth- wanted to find more

Question 31

Where did the Portuguese sail to? What riches did they obtain?

Answer 31

Around the bottom of Africa, to the spice islands in southeast Asia

Controlled spice trade for a while

Question 32

Why was the line of Demarcation created? What did it do?

Answer 32

Both Spain and Portugal thought they had the right to discovery and ability to control/own the new route to Asia. ( Spain found Bahamas though not new route- Portugal did find new path through the southern tip of Africa and around)

Line divided the Atlantic ocean. Right of line goes to Portugal/ left goes to Spain

Question 33

How did Hernan Cortes conquer the Aztecs? ( 5 reasons)

Answer 33

1.Advanced weaponry: Metal armor/ guns
2. Military tactics: Aztecs, “battle was ideally a sacred duel between matched warriors”
-Spanish fought “cowardly” (shot weapons at a distance, avoided hand-to-hand combat, hid behind their cannons)
3. Allies
Aztecs had lots of enemies…since they demanded tribute in human sacrifices from conquered regions
4. HORSES! - SPANISH HAD ONLY
5. DISEASE- killed many Aztecs before the fighting started.

Question 34

Why did native Americans not have the same diseases as Europeans?

Answer 34

Did not have domesticated animals to spread plagues

Question 35

How did the encomienda and Mita work?

Answer 35

Encomienda- Spanish king granted new settlers to the Americas with indigenous workers. Spanish settlers in return will protect them and provide for them.

In reality, they were treated as slaves and died of poor treatment

Question 36

How did the Mita systems work?

Answer 36

Labor tribute. It required all able-bodied citizens to work for the state a certain number of days every year.

Question 37

How was the Spanish Casta system in their colonies structured?

Answer 37

The social class system was put in place by the Spanish for their colonies in the Americas. Had specific laws for people in each class.

Peninsula- Spanish people born in Spain and traveled to the Americas. Only ones who could hold some public offices

Creoles- descendants of Spanish people born in the Americas. Church officials and other lower public offices only.

Mestizos- Spanish/Indigenous.- could not hold jobs in law, medicine, engineering

Mulattoes- Spanish/African

Native Americans- forbidden to own horses, bear arms, dress like European

African slaves

Question 38

What is the difference between those who came to North America versus South America?

Answer 38

South- only sent men, not families. Men had babies with the local population, creating mixed races. Needed complex social structure now

North-sent families. Not as much mixing between locals and Europeans. Sharply defined racial systems

Question 39

Explain the triangle trade

Answer 39

Atlantic system( it looks like a triangle of trade between Europe. Africa, and americas)

Question 40

Effect of the Columbian exchange on the world.

Answer 40

Columbian exchange- animals, plants, culture, human populations, communicable disease, & ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian Hemispheres after Columbus discovery

Question 41

What is Mercantilism

Answer 41

A new economic system developed because of the discovery of the Americas by Europeans. It based the wealth of European nations by how much silver and gold they had and if they were exporting more products than importing goods.

Question 42

How does mercantilism effect europe?>

Answer 42

they needed to have colonies to get their raw resources from (gold and lumber etc.) and then brought it back to Europe to make it into finished goods to sell back to the colonies for a profit.

Question 43

Why did the Spanish start to use slaves from Africa over Native Americans?

Answer 43

-Native were dying off in large numbers and needed labor to work the harsh fields of sugar
-Already had plagues
-Experienced with farming already
-Not likely to escape( did not know the land)
-Could determine who slaves were easier by skin color only

Question 44

What was the middle passage?

Answer 44

Transportation of millions of slaves from Africa to America. Part of the triangle trade system

Question 45

How did the Atlantic slave trade change Africa both short term and long term?

Answer 45

African kingdoms grew rich from the slave trade. Kingdoms increased want for more slaves. Needed more guns to protect themselves from other kingdoms.

Long-term- kingdoms that dominated the slave trade collapsed when the slave trade was outlawed. Allowing them to be able to be conquered by outsiders.

Question 46

What was the commercial revolution?

Answer 46

economic impact of exploration/ renaissance reshaped Europe so drastically called a revolution.

exploration=colonization of new nations= increased trade=new financial practices created

Question 47

aztec government:

Answer 47

-King- absolute power, divine right
-38 provinces broken up of 15 million people.
-Loose control over the empire, letting local rulers govern their own regions

Question 48

aztec religion

Answer 48

polytheist.
Practiced human sacrifice for Huitzilopochtli( sun god) who made the sunrise every day. For him to be strong enough to battle evil every night in order for the sun to rise, needed human blood. Used war prisoners

Question 49

aztec interaction with environment

Answer 49

Build Tenochtitlan city- on an island site. To connect the city- built three raised roads(causeways) over the water and marshland. Canals brought people to the city.

Used floating gardens/ chinampas - to grow food in marshland around city

Question 50

downfall of Aztecs

Answer 50

Provinces rose up against Aztecs because they kept requiring more and more sacrifices.

Spanish came and conquered them

Question 51

Importance of Quetzalcoatl

Answer 51

Quetzalcoatl- was a feathered serpent god that was exiled from the region and legend said he would come back to bring new light and peace. Aztecs will think of him as a pale-skinned man with a beard.