Unit 3: Age of discovery Flashcards
What was the renaissance?
Revival of learning classical Greece and Roman knowledge in Europe after dark ages (rebirth)
4 reasons for renaissance (LIST)
trade in cities
government
religion
human potential
How did trade in cities help cause the renaissance
Crusades created a demand for luxury goods = people start to trade again and go to cities for the products they could not get in their own village
how did government changes cause renaissance?
The 100-year war allowed kings to gain more power and taxability. Nationalism grew to fight for the king and not their lord.
how did changes in religion cause the renaissance
Crusades and black death= the weekend power of the catholic church on people.(if the church cant protect you from the plague, what can it do?) ( crusades brought new knowledge- not dependent on the church for knowledge)
how did Human potential cause renaissance
Middle ages people worked as peasants and lived on earth just to die and live a good life in heaven
The black death killed so many people- peasants able to leave the manor and find work in cities. Less people= higher demand= higher wages able to ask for.
Individuals became the center of attention = can do more during life now rather than waiting for the afterlife
Why did the renaissance start in Italy?
Italian merchants started meeting the demand( GEOGRAPHY/ LOCATION OF ITALY IS THE CONNECTOR BETWEEN EUROPE AND SILK ROAD)
Merchant families(MEDICI) began very rich= they wanted to show off new wealth since social status could not reach royal. Did this by commissioning art etc= renaissance starts
What is secular humanism?
The belief that humanity is capable of morality and self-fulfillment without belief in God.
What are the new art techniques used in the renaissance?
Perspective- shows dimensions now/ background /vanishing point
Realism- more realistic colors/ figures in the paintings
Humanism- places humans not religion over
Emotion-show emotion of the people in pictures now
secularism - of this earth images and not only in heaven pictures.
Shadows and realistic colors
What was the protestant reformation?
The religious movement in Europe during 1500 split away from the catholic church and created a new branch of Christianity-protestant. Started by Martin Luther
Why was Martin Luther mad at the Catholic Church for selling indulgences?
paying to get “tickets” to heaven) (giving church money to guarantee your sins are forgiven and will go to heaven) instead of actually helping people not sin.
What was the impact of the printing press on the protestant reformation?
printing pass= mass production of books now.
-BIBLE printed and everyone now has copy to read for themself
What were the 3 impacts of the protestant reformation on Europe?
Religious wars broke out in Europe and lasted for hundreds of years.
England breaks away from church( Henry VIII wanted a divorce) English civil war between his children occurs, england is protestant now
Thirty -years war- catholics vs protestants for control of german states
What were the effects of the thirty-year war?
created a basis for national self-determination( religious difference accpted)
Slow breakup of the Holy Roman Empire control
Europe now several independent state
Why are these empires called gunpowder empires?
Used guns to conquered regions they ruled ( Ottoman, Mogul, Qing)
What are janissaries and how were they used for the Ottomans to expand their control?
Soldiers sons of christians war captives. Trained and loyal to sultan. Fierce fighters = hard to beat so won and expanded empire
What was the Ottomans government system like?
centralized government
Leader- Sultan political and military
What religion were the sultans( Sunni or shia muslim? Review -what does that mean?)
Sunni- leaders do not need to be related to Muhammad
What were their social structures like?( including statue of women)
Peasants, artisans, merchants, pastoral people
Women had more freedoms then other muslim nations since turkish cultural was more freedom
How were their arts/trades - and how did they influence Europeans?
Known for textiles/ rugs. Music influenced Europe. fashion( suits) and food
What economic impact did the Ottomans have?
Controlled the silk road. Crossroads of trade= wealthy and influential. Cultures blended
What was the Mogul empire’s governance structure?
semi-independent states ( Zamindars - local officials)
king= ruler
What was the Mogul culture like?
blending of Persian and Indian influences( Taj mahal example of this) ( paintings, people included from Indian art mixed with Persian styles)
Women had more freedom with Hindu history but also placed restrictions on( isolated women) from Muslim influence. Blend of two.
What is the history behind the Sikh faith formation?
Founder -Guru Nanak (1500)
Living in diverse region of india
Guru- is a spiritual teacher, one sent by God for salvation of mankind
What is the basis of the Sikh faith?
-Every person is a child of god, all faiths are different paths toward the same creator
-There are no bad people
-God is formless, all-powerful, all-loving,
-Anyone can active unity with god through humanity, meditation, honest, and seeing god’s light in all
What was the government structure of the ming/ qing?
centralized government - used civil service examination to see who would get government jobs
What was the Qing economy and daily life like?
-Life surrounded around family
-Women were seen as inferior to men
-Nobel women practiced foot binding
-Slavery was common
Qing art and literature.
Because trade was increasing, the middle class was created with more money to spend on arts.
New literature increased - The dream of the red chamber very famous love story book.
Architecture - Imperial city/ forbidden
Convey power and prestige. Place where the imperial family lived/ government. Off-limits to commoners
Blue and white porcelain
Why were Europeans exploring starting to explore?( 3 reasons)
Wealth - after the crusades Europe wanted silk road wealth but it was controlled by Islamic empires who could charge higher prices. Wanted to find a new route that bypassed the silk road to Asia
Spread of Christianity- after crusades religion gained importance to spread and was justified
New technology- learned from crusades/ Islamic empires. Better sails/map-making/astrolabe
What was the reason why Portugal was one of the first European nations to start exploring?
Had prince- henry the navigator- who invested in schools to help learn how to navigate
Started exploring in Africa and found wealth- wanted to find more
Where did the Portuguese sail to? What riches did they obtain?
Around the bottom of Africa, to the spice islands in southeast Asia
Controlled spice trade for a while
Why was the line of Demarcation created? What did it do?
Both Spain and Portugal thought they had the right to discovery and ability to control/own the new route to Asia. ( Spain found Bahamas though not new route- Portugal did find new path through the southern tip of Africa and around)
Line divided the Atlantic ocean. Right of line goes to Portugal/ left goes to Spain
How did Hernan Cortes conquer the Aztecs? ( 5 reasons)
1.Advanced weaponry: Metal armor/ guns
2. Military tactics: Aztecs, “battle was ideally a sacred duel between matched warriors”
-Spanish fought “cowardly” (shot weapons at a distance, avoided hand-to-hand combat, hid behind their cannons)
3. Allies
Aztecs had lots of enemies…since they demanded tribute in human sacrifices from conquered regions
4. HORSES! - SPANISH HAD ONLY
5. DISEASE- killed many Aztecs before the fighting started.
Why did native Americans not have the same diseases as Europeans?
Did not have domesticated animals to spread plagues
How did the encomienda and Mita work?
Encomienda- Spanish king granted new settlers to the Americas with indigenous workers. Spanish settlers in return will protect them and provide for them.
In reality, they were treated as slaves and died of poor treatment
How did the Mita systems work?
Labor tribute. It required all able-bodied citizens to work for the state a certain number of days every year.
How was the Spanish Casta system in their colonies structured?
The social class system was put in place by the Spanish for their colonies in the Americas. Had specific laws for people in each class.
Peninsula- Spanish people born in Spain and traveled to the Americas. Only ones who could hold some public offices
Creoles- descendants of Spanish people born in the Americas. Church officials and other lower public offices only.
Mestizos- Spanish/Indigenous.- could not hold jobs in law, medicine, engineering
Mulattoes- Spanish/African
Native Americans- forbidden to own horses, bear arms, dress like European
African slaves
What is the difference between those who came to North America versus South America?
South- only sent men, not families. Men had babies with the local population, creating mixed races. Needed complex social structure now
North-sent families. Not as much mixing between locals and Europeans. Sharply defined racial systems
Explain the triangle trade
Atlantic system( it looks like a triangle of trade between Europe. Africa, and americas)
Effect of the Columbian exchange on the world.
Columbian exchange- animals, plants, culture, human populations, communicable disease, & ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian Hemispheres after Columbus discovery
What is Mercantilism
A new economic system developed because of the discovery of the Americas by Europeans. It based the wealth of European nations by how much silver and gold they had and if they were exporting more products than importing goods.
How does mercantilism effect europe?>
they needed to have colonies to get their raw resources from (gold and lumber etc.) and then brought it back to Europe to make it into finished goods to sell back to the colonies for a profit.
Why did the Spanish start to use slaves from Africa over Native Americans?
-Native were dying off in large numbers and needed labor to work the harsh fields of sugar
-Already had plagues
-Experienced with farming already
-Not likely to escape( did not know the land)
-Could determine who slaves were easier by skin color only
What was the middle passage?
Transportation of millions of slaves from Africa to America. Part of the triangle trade system
How did the Atlantic slave trade change Africa both short term and long term?
African kingdoms grew rich from the slave trade. Kingdoms increased want for more slaves. Needed more guns to protect themselves from other kingdoms.
Long-term- kingdoms that dominated the slave trade collapsed when the slave trade was outlawed. Allowing them to be able to be conquered by outsiders.
What was the commercial revolution?
economic impact of exploration/ renaissance reshaped Europe so drastically called a revolution.
exploration=colonization of new nations= increased trade=new financial practices created
aztec government:
-King- absolute power, divine right
-38 provinces broken up of 15 million people.
-Loose control over the empire, letting local rulers govern their own regions
aztec religion
polytheist.
Practiced human sacrifice for Huitzilopochtli( sun god) who made the sunrise every day. For him to be strong enough to battle evil every night in order for the sun to rise, needed human blood. Used war prisoners
aztec interaction with environment
Build Tenochtitlan city- on an island site. To connect the city- built three raised roads(causeways) over the water and marshland. Canals brought people to the city.
Used floating gardens/ chinampas - to grow food in marshland around city
downfall of Aztecs
Provinces rose up against Aztecs because they kept requiring more and more sacrifices.
Spanish came and conquered them
Importance of Quetzalcoatl
Quetzalcoatl- was a feathered serpent god that was exiled from the region and legend said he would come back to bring new light and peace. Aztecs will think of him as a pale-skinned man with a beard.
