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Human growth and development > Unit 3 - Adolescents - Part 1 > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Adolescents - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What age does female puberty begin?

A

8-10 years. Female puberty onset is linked to weight, so the heavier she is the earlier the onset.

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2
Q

What is Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?

A
  • A hormone released by the hypothalamus in both male and female puberty.
  • GnRH acts on the anterior pituitary gland causing it to release Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH).
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3
Q

What does Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) do in male puberty?

A

FSH regulates the function of the testes so that sperm production can begin

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4
Q

What does Luteinizing Hormone (LH) do in male puberty?

A

LH promotes testosterone production in the testes

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5
Q

What is Spermarche and when does it occur?

A

Spermarche (first ejactulation) typically occurs between the ages of 12 and 13

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6
Q

What is testosterone responsible for?

A
  • Maturation of the sperm
    Secondary sex characteristics and sex drive
  • This includes muscle growth,
  • hair development,
  • lowering of voice (growth of larynx)
  • oil secretion (acne).
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7
Q

When do males enter puberty?

A

9-16 years

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8
Q

What does Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) do in female puberty?

A

FSH and LH both target the ovaries. They both stimulate the developing follicles (eggs) to release estrogen.

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9
Q

What does Luteinizing Hormone (LH) do in female puberty?

A

LH stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone and some estrogen

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10
Q

What is estrogen?

A

Estrogen is responsible for the menstrual cycle, including ovulation, as well as secondary sex characteristics.
Secondary sex development in females includes
- distribution of fat
- development of breasts
- widening of hips

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11
Q

What is menrache?

A
  • first menstrual period
  • occurs between 10 and 17
  • usually takes a year for the menstrual cycle to follow a pattern and for the female to be considered fertile
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12
Q

Why is mood affected during puberty?

A
  • Shifting levels of hormones in the body, along with other changes are often responsible for this
  • Adolescents respond differently to the rapid changes in their bodies. Often, they are self conscious
    _______________________
  • Typically, males who develop early are more confident and independent than other males.
  • Females who develop early, tend to be more self conscious and embarrassed.
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13
Q

Sex vs Gender?

A
  • Sex is assigned based on appearance of a person’s external anatomy at birth (penis or vagina)
  • Gender is an identity that the person senses internally - non-biological
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14
Q

What is intersex?

A
  • People who are intersex have genitals, chromosomes or reproductive organs that don’t fit into a male/female sex binary.
  • Their genitals might not match their reproductive organs, or they may have traits of both.
  • Being intersex may be evident at birth, childhood, later in adulthood or never.
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15
Q

What are gender roles?

A
  • The pattern of masculine or feminine behaviour of an individual that is
    defined by a particular culture and that is largely determined by a person’s upbringing
  • Gender roles give meaning to sexual gendered identity
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16
Q

What are gender stereotypes?

A
  • Gender Stereotypes: an oversimplified or distorted generalization about the characteristics of men and women
  • When gender roles become so rigid and engrained they become stereotypes
  • Ex. Pink for girls, blue for boys. Kitchen toys for girls, car toys for boys.
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17
Q

What is gender intensification hypothesis?

A
  • Idea that pressures to behave in sex-appropriate ways intensify during adolescence
  • The intensification is believed to be temporary and more influential for females
  • This could result from social pressure
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18
Q

Who is Sandra Bem?

A

American psychologist known for her work in gender studies

19
Q

What did the Bem sex role inventory find?

A
  • Traits such as ambition, self-reliance, independence, and assertiveness were considered desirable for men
  • Traits such as affectionate, gentle, understanding, and sensitive to the needs of others were desirable for women
  • Out of 1500 students samples, 50% adhered to traditional sex or gender roles, 15% were cross typed, and 36% were considered androgynous
20
Q

What is androgyny to Sandra Bem?

A

Bem argued that people should accept androgynous roles: roles that involve a flexible combination of traditionally male and female characteristics

21
Q

What is cisgender?

A

A person’s gender identity is the same as the sex assigned at birth/biological gender

22
Q

What is transgender?

A

A person’s gender identity does not match the sex they were assigned at birth

23
Q

What is non-binary?

A

A person’s gender identity/expression falls outside/inbetween categories or man and woman

24
Q

What is genderqueer?

A

A person’s gender identity/expression falls outside/inbetween categories or man and woman

25
Q

What is socialization?

A
  • The process by which people learn what they need to know to become a member of society
    Allows new members to learn the accepted ways of behaving within a specific culture:
  • How to act
  • What to think
  • How to present themselves
26
Q

Who contribute to socialisation?

A

Social contacts or influences that ‘socialize’ us:
- Media
- Family
- School
- Technology
- Workplace
- Neighbourhood

27
Q

What is resocialisation?

A

Adults are resocialized every time they get a new job, a new home, have their first child, etc.
Resocialization is adapting to a new culture and environment

28
Q

What is anticipatory socialization?

A

Occurs when we start learning new norms and values in anticipation of a role we will occupy in the future

Examples:
Living together before marrying someone, basic training

29
Q

What are the identity states?

A
  • Diffusion
  • Moratorium
  • Foreclosure
  • Achievement
30
Q

What is identity diffusion?

A

the state of having no clear idea of one’s identity and making no attempt to find that identity. These adolescents may have struggled to find their identity, but they never resolved it, and they seem to have stopped trying. There is no commitment and no searching.

31
Q

What is identity foreclosure?

A

the adolescent blindly accepts the identity and values that were given in childhood by families and significant others. The adolescent’s identity is foreclosed until they determine for themselves their true identity. The adolescent in this state is committed to an identity but not as a result of their own searching or crisis.

32
Q

What is identity moratorium?

A

adolescent has acquired vague or ill-formed ideological and occupational commitments; he/she is still undergoing the identity search (crisis). They are beginning to commit to an identity but are still developing it.

33
Q

What is identity achievement?

A

the state of having developed well-defined personal values and self-concepts. Their identities may be expanded and further defined in adulthood, but the basics are there. They are committed to an ideology and have a strong sense of ego identity.

34
Q

Types of friendships

A
  • Physical appearance
  • Proximity
  • Rewards
  • Approval
  • Similarity
  • Complimentary
35
Q

What is physical appearance friendship?

A

Physically attractive people benefit from the common belief that what is beautiful is good: research shows that physical beauty is often associated with personality traits like sociable, intelligent, kind, and happy

36
Q

What is proximity friendship?

A
  • One of the most important determinants of liking and attraction is sheer proximity.
  • You are more likely to develop a friendship with a neighbour or with someone you share 2 or more classes with.
  • Proximity is important because you can’t like someone you’ve never met. This has been supported with studies but further study is needed to look at online relationships.
  • Familiarity also plays a role in whether we like someone. We tend to like what’s familiar and the closer you are to someone, the more you encounter them.
37
Q

What is rewards friendship?

A
  • Does he/she expose you to new ideas? Make you laugh? Provide you with sympathy or an open ear? Help you achieve a goal?
  • People who meet our needs, or provide us with what we need, when we need it, often become our friends
38
Q

What is approval friendship?

A

We tend to choose people who we agree with, and who support our ideas.

39
Q

What is similarity friendship?

A
  • ‘Birds of a feather flock together’ – we like being around people who are similar to us, with regards to age, religion, economic status, interests, education, family background, and views on smoking and drinking
  • A study on elementary school children found that they prefered other children who performed as well in sports, music and academics
40
Q

What is homogamy?

A
  • Part of similarity friendship
  • the powerful tendency for for like to select like
41
Q

What is attitude stability?

A
  • Part of similarity friendship
  • attitudes are generally resistant to change. One reason is that people generally stay in the same social environment, keeping company with others whose views of the world are essentially the same
42
Q

What is complimentary friendship?

A

Although similarity is much more likely, opposites DO sometimes attract, creating balance between 2 different types (example. outgoing & shy).

43
Q

What are some friendship types in freaks and geeks?

A

Physical appearance - Kim and Daniel - are both attracted to each other and thats why they hang out

Proximity - Milly and Lindsay - does mathletes together, have same classes
Ken and Lindsay - same English class

Rewards- Lindsay, Nick, Daniel and Ken - use Linday’s house for their party, offer excitement, skip school, break from what she is used to
Neal and Lindsay - Neal comforts and helps Lindsay, offers help and support (calls the cops on the party for Lindsay)

Approval - Sam and Neal - Share same/similar values and ideals

Similarity- Bill and Neal - Both nerdy, academically driven
Nick, Daniel, and Ken - skip class, don’t like school

Complementary - Kim and Lindsay - straightlaced v.s wild

Human growth and development (6 decks)

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