Exam prep Flashcards

Question

Double-blind study

Answer 1

the researcher is unaware of who has the placebo

Answer 2

- Protecting the welfare and confidentiality of all participants - Obey provincial and federal laws - Participants must agree to be a part of the study (give their consent) - Deception should only be used if no alternative is possible (debriefing must occur after the deception) - Information or outcomes of the study must be made available to participants

Answer 3

The participant is aware of the experiment, what occurs, what will happen, and are allowed to back out at anytime

Answer 4

Idea that children can not learn language after puberty

Answer 5

A quick test performed on a baby at 1 and 5 minutes after birth - 1-minute score determines how well the baby tolerated the birthing process - 5-minute score tells the health care provider how well the baby is doing outside the mother's womb. Breathing effort: - If the infant is not breathing, the respiratory score is 0. - If the respirations are slow or irregular, the infant scores 1 for respiratory effort. - If the infant cries well, the respiratory score is 2. Heart rate is evaluated by stethoscope: - If there is no heartbeat, the infant scores 0 for heart rate. - If heart rate is less than 100 beats per minute, the infant scores 1 for heart rate. - If heart rate is greater than 100 beats per minute, the infant scores 2 for heart rate. Muscle tone: - If muscles are loose and floppy, the infant scores 0 for muscle tone. - If there is some muscle tone, the infant scores 1. - If there is active motion, the infant scores 2 for muscle tone. Grimace response or reflex irritability, such as a mild pinch: - If there is no reaction, the infant scores 0 for reflex irritability. - If there is grimacing, the infant scores 1 for reflex irritability. - If there is grimacing and a cough, sneeze, or vigorous cry, the infant scores 2 for reflex irritability. Skin color: - If the skin color is pale blue, the infant scores 0 for color. - If the body is pink and the extremities are blue, the infant scores 1 for color. - If the entire body is pink, the infant scores 2 for color.

Answer 6

- Rooting: When the corner of a babys mouth is stroked they will turn their head and open their mouth. - Suck: When the roof of the baby's mouth is touched, the baby will begin to suck. - Grasping - Moro: In response to sound, the baby throws back his or her head, extends out his or her arms and legs, cries, then pulls the arms and legs back in.

Answer 7

High pitched way of speaking to a baby. Can help promote language development.

Answer 8

Concise message characterized by the use of three-word short phrases or sentences made up of main content words - 11 to 12 Months

Answer 9

- personality develops through a series of childhood stages - pleasure seeking energies of kid becomes focused on certain erogenous areas - Psychoanalytic theory suggested that personality is mostly established by the age of 5 - If these psychosexual stages are completed successfully, the result is a healthy personality - If certain issues are not resolved at the appropriate stage, fixation can occur Stages: Oral: 0-1 yr Anal: 1-3 yr - Anus and bladder, potty training Phallic: 3-6 yr - Genitals, Oedipus complex, Electra complex Latent: 6-12 yr - Energy directed to physical and intellectual activities, sexual impulses repressed, relationships between peers of same sex Genital: 12+ - Energy directed to full sexual maturation and function and development of secondary sex characteristics

Answer 10

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the id is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories, the super-ego operates as a moral conscience, and the ego is the realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego

Answer 11

According to Freud, If certain issues are not resolved at the appropriate stage, stage fixations can occur

Answer 12

Erogenous zones are parts of the body that excite sexual feelings when touched or stimulated

Answer 13

Piaget theory of development Sensorimotor: 0 - 2 Object permanence, discover relationship between body and environment Preoperational: 2 - 7 Egocentrism, symbolic thought, role play and pretend Concrete Operational: 7 - 11 Conservation, development of logical thought Formal Operational: 11 + Abstract thinking (manipulate concepts in head)

Answer 14

Assimilation describes how we interpret new experiences in terms of our current understanding, so in terms of our current schemas - When a child learns the word for dog, they start to call all four-legged animals dogs

Answer 15

term developed by psychologist Jean Piaget to describe what occurs when new information or experiences cause you to modify your existing schemas. Rather than make the new information fit into an existing schema, you change the schema in order to accommodate the new information.

Answer 16

- Theory that there is a crisis at each stage of life 0 - 1: Basic trust vs. mistrust Fix: Hope Result: Appreciation of interdependence 1 - 3: Autonomy vs. shame Fix: Will Result: Acceptance of the cycle of life 3 - 6: Initiative vs. guilt Fix: Purpose Result: Humour, empathy, resilience 6 - 12: Industry vs. inferiority Fix: Competence Result: Humility, acceptance of the course of life 12 - 19: Identity vs. confusion Fix: Fidelity Result: Sense of complexity of life 20 - 25: Intimacy vs. isolation Fix: Love Result: Sense of complexity of relationships 26 - 64: Generativity vs. stagnation Fix: Care Result: Caring for others, empathy and concern 65 +: Integrity vs. despair Fix: Wisdom Result: Existential identity, sense of integrity

Answer 17

Erikson maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order and build upon each previous stage

Answer 18

Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation. The child/individual is good in order to avoid being punished. If a person is punished they must have done wrong. Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange. At this stage children recognize that there is not just one right view that is handed down by the authorities. Different individuals have different viewpoints. Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships. The child/individual is good in order to be seen as being a good person by others. Therefore, answers are related to the approval of others. Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order. The child/individual becomes aware of the wider rules of society so judgments concern obeying rules in order to uphold the law and to avoid guilt. Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights. The child/individual becomes aware that while rules/laws might exist for the good of the greatest number, there are times when they will work against the interest of particular individuals. Stage 6: Universal Principles. People at this stage have developed their own set of moral guidelines which may or may not fit the law. The principles apply to everyone. E.g. human rights, justice and equality.

Answer 19

Some babies could form more secure attachments than others, according to the caregiver’s sensitivity to the infant’s signals - Securely attached infants: move freely away from mother, ‘checking in’ now & then. Doesn't mind being picked up by others - Insecurely attached infants: avoid mother, feel indifferent toward mother, fear strangers, upset by minor, everyday separations

Answer 20

Anxious Ambivalent: - Anxious to explore or interact with strangers even when caregiver is present - Child is extremely distressed when caregiver departs - Child ambivalent when caregiver returns - Child will remain close to caregiver but acts resistant and resentful Anxious Avoidant: - Ignores caregiver and does not display emotion when caregiver leaves or returns - Child does not explore, regardless of who is present - Strangers are treated similarly to caregiver - Very little display of emotion occurs

Answer 21

inherited tendency of some newborn animals to follow the first moving object they see.

Answer 22

Appears at 6-12 months

Answer 23

1. Permissive parenting 2. Authoritarian 3. Authoritative 4. Uninvolved

Answer 24

Parents are undemanding and unresponsive - Parents’ main focus is not on children - In extreme cases, this parenting style may encompass both rejecting-neglecting and neglectful parents Effects on children: - Increased risk of depression / mental health problems. - more impulsive and less self-control. - increased tendency for self-isolation. - difficulty forming lasting bonds.

Answer 25

Parents are demanding and emotionally responsive - Monitor and impart clear standards for their children’s conduct - Disciplinary methods are supportive, rather than punitive i.e: they will explain reasons for consequences - Goals to raise children to be assertive, socially responsible, self-regulated and cooperative Effects on children: - Happy disposition - Self-confident, follow through to master tasks - Developed emotion regulation - Developed social skills - Less rigid about gender stereotypes (sensitivity in boys and independence in girls)

Answer 26

Parents are demanding emotinally unresponsive - Obedience-oriented and expect orders to be obeyed without explanation - These parents provide well-ordered and structured environments with clearly stated rules. Effects on children: - Anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy disposition - Poor reactions to frustration (girls are particularly likely to give up and boys become especially hostile) - Do well in school (High performing anxiety) - Not likely to engage in antisocial activities such as drug and alcohol abuse, vandalism, gangs

Answer 27

Parents are undemanding and emotionally responsive (Also referred to as ‘laissez-faire’ or ‘indulgent’) - Set few rules or expectations regarding behaviour - Allow considerable self-regulation and avoid confrontation - Children tend to have final say Effects on children: - Poor emotion regulation (under regulated) - Rebellious and defiant when desires are challenged. - Low persistence to challenging tasks - Anti-social behaviours

Answer 28

Give children time to play, develop a sense of self, listen to experts, and aim to aid their child into becoming fully functioning. (The name refers to “refuse”ing to hyper-parent) - Children end up normal, healthy, and well rounded

Answer 29

Hyper-parenting is overscheduling and being over-involved in your child’s life and schedule, hoping to turn them into geniuses Kids end up - Anxiety - Stress - Over-obedient - Lack independence and freethinking - May not be able to develop talents or potential

Answer 30

Begins at 9-16 years

Answer 31

Begins at 8-10 years. Female puberty onset is linked to weight, so the heavier she is the earlier the onset.

Answer 32

Means the body is preparing itself/ready to make babies

Answer 33

The endocrine system consists of: Glands located throughout the body; Hormones made by the glands and released into the bloodstream or the fluid surrounding cells; and. Receptors in various organs and tissues that recognize and respond to the hormones

Answer 34

Hormones that affect specific cells in the body (e.g. Gastrin stimulates stomach cells)

Answer 35

Hormones that have broad effects on the body (e.g. Growth hormone - Affects the growth of long bones)

Answer 36

One of many substances made by glands. They circulate in the bloodstream and control the actions of certain cells and organs. Also known as chemical messengers

Answer 37

- A hormone released by the hypothalamus in both male and female puberty. - GnRH acts on the anterior pituitary gland causing it to release Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH).

Answer 38

FSH regulates the function of the testes so that sperm production can begin

Answer 39

LH promotes testosterone production in the testes

Answer 40

- Maturation of the sperm Secondary sex characteristics and sex drive - This includes muscle growth, - hair development, - lowering of voice (growth of larynx) - oil secretion (acne).

Answer 41

Estrogen is responsible for the menstrual cycle, including ovulation, as well as secondary sex characteristics. Secondary sex development in females includes - distribution of fat - development of breasts - widening of hips

Answer 42

- first menstrual period - occurs between 10 and 17 - usually takes a year for the menstrual cycle to follow a pattern and for the female to be considered fertile

Answer 43

- Spermarche (first ejactulation) - typically occurs between the ages of 12 and 13

Answer 44

- muscle growth, - hair development, - lowering of voice (growth of larynx) - oil secretion (acne).

Answer 45

- distribution of fat - development of breasts - widening of hips

Answer 46

- Sex is assigned based on appearance of a person’s external anatomy at birth (penis or vagina) - Gender is an identity that the person senses internally - non-biological - People who are intersex have genitals, chromosomes or reproductive organs that don't fit into a male/female sex binary. - Their genitals might not match their reproductive organs, or they may have traits of both. - Being intersex may be evident at birth, childhood, later in adulthood or never.

Answer 47

- Gender Stereotypes: an oversimplified or distorted generalization about the characteristics of men and women - When gender roles become so rigid and engrained they become stereotypes - Ex. Pink for girls, blue for boys. Kitchen toys for girls, car toys for boys.

Answer 48

- The pattern of masculine or feminine behaviour of an individual that is defined by a particular culture and that is largely determined by a person’s upbringing - Gender roles give meaning to sexual gendered identity

Answer 49

- Idea that pressures to behave in sex-appropriate ways intensify during adolescence - The intensification is believed to be temporary and more influential for females - This could result from social pressure

Answer 50

- Traits such as ambition, self-reliance, independence, and assertiveness were considered desirable for men - Traits such as affectionate, gentle, understanding, and sensitive to the needs of others were desirable for women - Out of 1500 students samples, 50% adhered to traditional sex or gender roles, 15% were cross typed, and 36% were considered androgynous

Answer 51

Bem argued that people should accept androgynous roles: roles that involve a flexible combination of traditionally male and female characteristics - High feminine score and high masculine score

Answer 52

Low feminine score and low masculine score

Answer 53

Socialization he process by which people learn what they need to know to become a member of society Allows new members to learn the accepted ways of behaving within a specific culture: - How to act - What to think - How to present themselves Social contacts or influences that ‘socialize’ us: - Media - Family - School - Technology - Workplace - Neighbourhood

Answer 54

Adults are resocialized every time they get a new job, a new home, have their first child, etc. Resocialization is adapting to a new culture and environment

Answer 55

Occurs when we start learning new norms and values in anticipation of a role we will occupy in the future Examples: Living together before marrying someone, basic training

Answer 56

the state of having no clear idea of one's identity and making no attempt to find that identity. These adolescents may have struggled to find their identity, but they never resolved it, and they seem to have stopped trying. There is no commitment and no searching.

Answer 57

the adolescent blindly accepts the identity and values that were given in childhood by families and significant others. The adolescent's identity is foreclosed until they determine for themselves their true identity. The adolescent in this state is committed to an identity but not as a result of their own searching or crisis.

Answer 58

adolescent has acquired vague or ill-formed ideological and occupational commitments; he/she is still undergoing the identity search (crisis). They are beginning to commit to an identity but are still developing it.

Answer 59

the state of having developed well-defined personal values and self-concepts. Their identities may be expanded and further defined in adulthood, but the basics are there. They are committed to an ideology and have a strong sense of ego identity.

Answer 60

- Diffusion - Moratorium - Foreclosure - Achievement

Answer 61

- Physical appearance - Proximity - Rewards - Approval - Similarity - Complimentary

Answer 62

Thin cells of nerve tissue that messages to and from the brain travel on

Answer 63

- The arms of a neuron - Protrude from the cell body - Receive impulses/messages and send them to the cell body

Answer 64

- A roundish main part of the neuron - Receives messages from the dendrites - Sends the message to the axon

Answer 65

- Powers the neuron/keep sit alive

Answer 66

- Sausage link lookin ass - Receives messages from cell body and send it to axon terminals

Answer 67

- Protrude from end of axon - Connects to dendrites of the next neuron - Sends message to the next neuron

Answer 68

- Fatty layer that insulates/protects the axon - Speeds message transmission

Answer 69

A gap between individual nerve cells - Moves messages from one neuron to another through chemicals known as neurotransmitters, a chemical that opens up receptors - Only dendrites have receptors, so it (The synapse) keeps the message going in one direction

Answer 70

Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin sheath coating on the neural axon. The myelin allows the electrical impulse to move quickly down the axon. The nodes of Ranvier allow for ions to diffuse in and out of the neuron, propagating the electrical signal down the axon

Answer 71

Sensory neurons are the nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment

Answer 72

Motor neurons are cells in the brain and spinal cord that allow us to move, speak, swallow and breathe by sending commands from the brain to the muscles that carry out these functions.

Answer 73

a neuron that conveys impulses from one neuron to another

Answer 74

The action potential is an explosion of electrical activity that is created by a depolarizing current. This means that some event (a stimulus) causes the resting potential to move toward 0 mV. When the depolarization reaches about -55 mV a neuron will fire an action potential.

Answer 75

a chemical that opens up receptors

Answer 76

The synapse- how neurons communicate- that are not used are removed from the brain

Answer 77

Saltatory conduction describes the way an electrical impulse skips from node to node down the full length of an axon, speeding the arrival of the impulse at the nerve terminal in comparison with the slower continuous progression of depolarization spreading down an unmyelinated axon. - Myelin sheath make things go zoom

Answer 78

- Located at the rear base of the skull - Cerebellum - Pons - Medulla - Spinal cord

Answer 79

- Located superior to the pons at at the topmost part of the brain stem - Pons - Medulla - Reticular activating system (RAS) - Colliculi - Tegmentum - Cerebral peduncle

Answer 80

- Located all around the central core Cerebrum - Cortex Limbic system - Thalamus - Hypothalamus - Amygdala - Hippocampus

Answer 81

Brain and spinal cord

Answer 82

Somatic and autonomic

Answer 83

Coordinated by the spinal cord

Answer 84

- Fills the ventricles in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord - It functions in circulation of hormones, nutrients and white blood cells and in absorption of shock

Answer 85

- Frontal - Parietal - Occipital - Temporal

Answer 86

The two hemispheres are connected by a thick fibrous band called the corpus callosum

Answer 87

- A normal developmental timetable is built into our genes - Caused by a pre-set biological clock that limits the number of times cells can divide and multiply - Environmental influences play little to no role in the aging process - Programmed Senescence: specific genes shut off - Hormonal Changes: clock acts through hormones that control aging - Immune System: a decline in the immune system that causes the body to be susceptible to aging

Answer 88

- Aging is the result of processes that vary from person to person - Aging is the process influenced by the internal and external environment - Aging is the result of the breakdown in our bodies’ cells, or unexpected damage to our biological systems - Wear and Tear: the body system accumulates damage through use, which can be accelerated by stress - Somatic Mutation: genetic mutations occur and accumulate with increasing age, causing cells to deteriorate and malfunction

Answer 89

1. Learning is inferred from a change in behaviour/performance 2. Learning results in an inferred change in memory 3. Learning is the result of experience 4. Learning is relatively permanent

Answer 90

Behavior potential is the likelihood of engaging in a particular behavior in a specific situation - a sign of learning

Answer 91

Conditioning an involuntary response to a stimulus

Answer 92

- Conditioning a voluntary response to a stimulus - in Operant Conditioning, the controlling stimulus comes after the behaviour - Ex. Making a dog sit to get a treat

Answer 93

Fixed ratio - A reward is received after a fixed number of times a behaviour is performed Variable ratio - A reward is received after a variable/random amount of times a behaviour is performed Fixed interval - A reward is received after a fixed period of time which they had to perform the desired behaviour (Working hard for 5 mins) Variable interval - A reward is received after a variable/random period of time which they had to perform the desired behaviour

Answer 94

- Modeling: learning by imitating others - Observational Learning: learning and doing something that you didn’t know before - learned by watching - Disinhibition: watching activity ‘misbehaving’ without punishment, subject is more likely to misbehave

Answer 95

Fluid - Ability to solve abstract relational problems and to generate new hypothesis - Capacity to process novel information - Requires the ability to understand relationships and make inferences - Ability improves as nervous system matures - As nervous system declines, so does ability to solve these problems - due to difficulty in generating new ideas - Not related to education - solving puzzles - constructing strategies to deal with new problems - seeing patterns in statistical data - engaging in speculative philosophical reasoning Crystalized - Consists of learned information and experience - Ability to use accumulated knowledge and learning in appropriate situations - Acquired over a lifetime and increases with age and experience - Dependent on education, cultural background and memory language comprehension and mathematical reasoning

Answer 96

- evaluate intellectual and emotional temperament for job classification - the military and police to screen potential applicants. Admission requirements were based on IQ results - North American education systems identify “gifted and talented” students as well as those with “special needs” Cons - Intelligence tests are culture specific. For example a wide knowledge of medicinal herbs would be considered highly intelligent in one culture but not necessarily in a western one. IQ tests can not objectively measure intelligence in culturally diverse settings. - IQ test questions all have one right answer. They ignore other factors such as creativity, emotion, social skills, motivation or even morality.

Answer 97

- The theory of multiple intelligences differentiates human intelligence into specific 'modalities', rather than seeing intelligence as dominated by a single general ability. - Howard Gardner proposed this model in 1983 The different intelligences are - Verbal - Logical/mathematical - Naturalist - Bodily/Kinesthetic - Musical - Interpersonal (Social) - Intrapersonal (Independence) - Visual/Spatial

Answer 98

Encoding - The processing of information into the memory system. Storage - The retention of encoded material over time. Retrieval - The process of getting the information out of memory storage.

Answer 99

Sensory - Visual, auditory, and olfactory information - Transfers to short-term memory short-term - Stores seven single or chunked items for 30 seconds without repetition - Solves problems through reasoning process (example: organizing facts into coherent essay) long term memory - Information and associations between information stored indefinitely The ability to transfer information from short term to long term memory is relevant to the learning process: - People use attention, repetition and association with past learning to encode information - Neurologically, encoding happens when information is repeatedly processed in the hippocampus

Answer 100

Declarative memory - memories that can be consciously recalled like facts & knowledge - thought to be stored in the temporal cortex Non-declarative memory -encoded by cerebellum independent of the hippocampus regulation, involves use of objects and movements, considered to be unconscious memory Episodic - specific personal experiences are stored - events that occurred at a specific time and place, such as your 6th birthday party. Semantic -Stored factual information

Answer 101

a bias that results in a subject recalling most recent information presented better than information presented earlier on.

Answer 102

a cognitive bias that results in a subject recalling primary information presented better than information presented later on.

Answer 103

Retrograde amnesia - Head trauma or other temporary disruption of normal brain functioning interrupts storage of memories of events just BEFORE the trauma Anterograde amnesia - Damage to memory system impairs ability to store new memories AFTER the damage Repression - Cases of memory loss support the proposal that we have different types of memory (STM vs LTM; declarative vs nondeclarative)

Answer 104

the involuntary passing of urine or stool may occur as health deteriorates

Answer 105

A slow decrease in the ability to focus on nearby objects

Answer 106

Is an eye disease that cause the people to have difficulty seeing object inside the center of the field of vision

Answer 107

As people age the lens of the eye thickens causing cloudy or distorted vision

Answer 108

- Is an eye condition that involves damage to the optic nerve - This is caused by fluid build up that puts pressure on the nerve

Answer 109

Ringing sound in ears

Answer 110

- Causes brittle less dense bones - It can cause some adults to be hunched over and standing up straight is difficult - Bones break more easily

Answer 111

The loss of muscle mass and strength, continues to decrease

Answer 112

Critical period guy

Answer 113

- Psychosexual development fucko - Founding father of psychoanalysis

Answer 114

- Freuds bitch - known for his theory of psychosocial development - He may be most famous for coining the phrase identity crisis.

Answer 115

- known for his work on child development - He is known for his theory of cognitive development - Placed great importance on the education of children

Answer 116

- known for his theory of stages of moral development

Answer 117

- Imprinting theory guy - imprinting occurs when an animal forms an attachment to the first thing it sees upon hatching

Answer 118

- attachment develops as a result of needing tactile comfort, such as wanting to touch and cling to something or someone for emotional support

Answer 119

Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have a tremendous impact that continues throughout life. He suggested that attachment also serves to keep the infant close to the mother, thus improving the child's chances of survival

Answer 120

Ainsworth's maternal sensitivity hypothesis argues that a child's attachment style depends on their mother's behavior towards them. 'Sensitive' mothers are responsive to the child's needs and respond to their moods and feelings correctly. Sensitive mothers are more likely to have securely attached children.

Answer 121

Kagan has shown that an infant's "temperament" is quite stable over time, in that certain behaviors in infancy are predictive of certain other behavior patterns in adolescence

Answer 122

Parenting styles guy

Answer 123

- Sandra Bem is an American psychologist known for her work in gender studies - Responsible for the sex role inventory

Answer 124

James Marcia's theory of development states that identity results from a series of choices made by people, usually in adolescence. These choices, regarding which ideologies, occupations, relationships, hobbies, and genders a person has incorporated into their identity, are affected by conflict and commitment

Answer 125

Albert Bandura's social learning theory suggests that observation and modeling play a primary role in how and why people learn. Bandura's theory goes beyond the perception of learning being the result of direct experience with the environment.

Answer 126

she proposed the patient-focused, death-adjustment pattern, the “Five Stages of Grief.” Those stages are denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance

Answer 127

Classical conditioning with the dog

Answer 128

Skinner's learning theory states that a person is exposed to a stimulus, which evokes a response, and then the response is reinforced (stimulus creates response, and then reinforcement). This finally leads to the human behavior conditioning.

Answer 129

- Muscles and fat breakdown - Loss of up to 80% visual acuity

Answer 130

- Menopause/climacteric - Joints deteriorate