Unit 2 - Babies and children

Question 1

Ethical issues of the Genie case?

Answer 1

• People working with Genie tried to use her for fame
• After they were “done” with Genie, they basically threw her out with no safety nets and she ended up retraumatised

Question 2

What is critical period?

Answer 2

Idea that children can not learn language after puberty

Question 3

What was Genie’s capability to learn language?

Answer 3

Genie did learn some language but never mastered grammatical structure

Question 4

What are newborn reflexes?

Answer 4

• Rooting: When the corner of a babys mouth is stroked they will turn their head and open their mouth.
• Suck: When the roof of the baby’s mouth is touched, the baby will begin to suck.
• Grasping
• Moro: In response to sound, the baby throws back his or her head, extends out his or her arms and legs, cries, then pulls the arms and legs back in.

Question 5

What is perceptual development?

Answer 5

• Through a study Robert Frantz determined that infants preferred to look at human faces and patterned materials

Visual Cliff Experiment (Gibson and Walk, 1960)
- Determined whether or not infants had depth perception
- Infants that were 0 - 6 months old crossed the cliff, but 6+ months would refuse to continue once they got to the ‘edge’

Question 6

What months do language milestones occur?

Answer 6

0-2: Phonation - Crying, vowels, grunting
2-3: Goo stage - Goo sounds
4-6: Expansion - b, p, m sounds
7-10: Canonical - non-crying sounds to get attention
11-12: Variegated babble - Pattern of real speech
12-13: First words

Question 7

What months do physical milestones occur?

Answer 7

2: Raise head to 45 degrees
3: Roll over
4: Sit with support
5.5: Sit without support
7.5: Pull self into standing position
9: Walk with support
10: Crawl
11: Stand without support
12: Walk

Question 8

Language milestones by year

Answer 8

1: Babbling to first words - Baba, Mama
2: Strings words together with no grammar, knows dozens of words - All gone ball? Jenny go? No ball.
3: More grammatical knowledge, uses consonants. uses simple statements, knows 5,000 words - I’m eating. Don’t go.
4: Knows future tense, asks proper questions, knows 9,000 words - I can’t go. Why is Jenny crying?
5: Uses longer and more complex sentences, trouble with noun/verb agreement - I see what you did. The cat was chased by the dog.

Question 9

What is the apgar test?

Answer 9

• A quick test performed on a baby at 1 and 5 minutes after birth
• 1-minute score determines how well the baby tolerated the birthing process
• 5-minute score tells the health care provider how well the baby is doing outside the mother’s womb.

Question 10

How is the apgar test performed?

Answer 10

Breathing effort:
- If the infant is not breathing, the respiratory score is 0.
- If the respirations are slow or irregular, the infant scores 1 for respiratory effort.
- If the infant cries well, the respiratory score is 2.

Heart rate is evaluated by stethoscope:
- If there is no heartbeat, the infant scores 0 for heart rate.
- If heart rate is less than 100 beats per minute, the infant scores 1 for heart rate.
- If heart rate is greater than 100 beats per minute, the infant scores 2 for heart rate.

Muscle tone:
- If muscles are loose and floppy, the infant scores 0 for muscle tone.
- If there is some muscle tone, the infant scores 1.
- If there is active motion, the infant scores 2 for muscle tone.

Grimace response or reflex irritability, such as a mild pinch:
- If there is no reaction, the infant scores 0 for reflex irritability.
- If there is grimacing, the infant scores 1 for reflex irritability.
- If there is grimacing and a cough, sneeze, or vigorous cry, the infant scores 2 for reflex irritability.

Skin color:
- If the skin color is pale blue, the infant scores 0 for color.
- If the body is pink and the extremities are blue, the infant scores 1 for color.
- If the entire body is pink, the infant scores 2 for color.

Question 11

What is Freud known for?

Answer 11

• Father of psychoanalysis
• Theory of psychosexual development

Question 12

What is the Freud mental iceberg?

Answer 12

Conscious level: Thoughts & perceptions
Subconscious level: Memories & stored knowledge
Unconscious level: Fears, violent motives, unacceptable/immoral desires, selfish needs, shameful experiences

Question 13

What is the theory of psychosexual development

Answer 13

• personality develops through a series of childhood stages
• pleasure seeking energies of kid becomes focused on certain erogenous areas
• Psychoanalytic theory suggested that personality is mostly established by the age of 5
• If these psychosexual stages are completed successfully, the result is a healthy personality
• If certain issues are not resolved at the appropriate stage, fixation can occur

Question 14

What are the stages of psychosexual development?

Answer 14

Oral: 0-1 yr
Anal: 1-3 yr - Anus and bladder, potty training
Phallic: 3-6 yr - Genitals, Oedipus complex, Electra complex
Latent: 6-12 yr - Energy directed to physical and intellectual activities, sexual impulses repressed, relationships between peers of same sex
Genital: 12+ - Energy directed to full sexual maturation and function and development of secondary sex characteristics

Question 15

What is Piaget known for?

Answer 15

• Theory of cognitive development
• Childrens education

Question 16

What are the stages of cognitive development?

Answer 16

Sensorimotor: 0 - 2
Object permanence, discover relationship between body and environment

Preoperational: 2 - 7
Egocentrism, symbolic thought, role play and pretend

Concrete Operational: 7 - 11
Conservation, development of logical thought

Formal Operational: 11 +
Abstract thinking (manipulate concepts in head)

Question 17

What is Erikson known for?

Answer 17

• Theory of psychosocial development
• Crisis each stage

Question 18

What are the stages of psychosocial development

Answer 18

0 - 1: Basic trust vs. mistrust
Fix: Hope
Result: Appreciation of interdependence

1 - 3: Autonomy vs. shame
Fix: Will
Result: Acceptance of the cycle of life

3 - 6: Initiative vs. guilt
Fix: Purpose
Result: Humour, empathy, resilience

6 - 12: Industry vs. inferiority
Fix: Competence
Result: Humility, acceptance of the course of life

12 - 19: Identity vs. confusion
Fix: Fidelity
Result: Sense of complexity of life

20 - 25: Intimacy vs. isolation
Fix: Love
Result: Sense of complexity of relationships

26 - 64: Generativity vs. stagnation
Fix: Care
Result: Caring for others, empathy and concern

65 +: Integrity vs. despair
Fix: Wisdom
Result: Existential identity, sense of integrity

Question 19

What is Kohlberg known for?

Answer 19

• Theory of stages of moral development

Question 20

What are the stages of moral development?

Answer 20

Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation. The child/individual is good in order to avoid being punished. If a person is punished they must have done wrong.

Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange. At this stage children recognize that there is not just one right view that is handed down by the authorities. Different individuals have different viewpoints.

Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships. The child/individual is good in order to be seen as being a good person by others. Therefore, answers are related to the approval of others.

Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order. The child/individual becomes aware of the wider rules of society so judgments concern obeying rules in order to uphold the law and to avoid guilt.

Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights. The child/individual becomes aware that while rules/laws might exist for the good of the greatest number, there are times when they will work against the interest of particular individuals.

Stage 6: Universal Principles. People at this stage have developed their own set of moral guidelines which may or may not fit the law. The principles apply to everyone. E.g. human rights, justice and equality.

Question 21

What studies occurred with animals in regard to attachment?

Answer 21

Imprinting: inherited tendency of some newborn animals to follow the first moving object they see.

Critical Period: a specific time in development when certain skills or abilities are most easily learned

Physical comfort over physical care: Monkeys were ‘raised’ and fed by surrogate (substitute) ‘mothers’; one made of wire with a bottle for feeding, one made of cloth but no bottle.

• Monkeys spent far more time with the cloth ‘mother’ than the wire ‘mother’
• Monkeys only given the option of the wire mother became hostile & withdrawn

Question 22

What bullshit did freud make up about attachment?

Answer 22

Infants become attached to the person or object that provides oral satisfaction
Usually mother, since she most likely feeds the infant

Question 23

What is Bolby and attachment behaviour?

Answer 23

Attachment occurs in first year of life

Believed newborns are born with the ability to show attachment behaviour (it is biological).
- babies naturally crawl, walk, & follow the caregiver to keep him/her nearby

Question 24

What is Ainsworth and attachment styles?

Answer 24

Some babies could form more secure attachments than others, according to the caregiver’s sensitivity to the infant’s signals
- Securely attached infants: move freely away from mother, ‘checking in’ now & then. Doesn’t mind being picked up by others
- Insecurely attached infants: avoid mother, feel indifferent toward mother, fear strangers, upset by minor, everyday separations

Question 25

What are the two types of insecure attachment styles?

Answer 25

Anxious Ambivalent:
- Anxious to explore or interact with strangers even when caregiver is present
- Child is extremely distressed when caregiver departs
- Child ambivalent when caregiver returns
- Child will remain close to caregiver but acts resistant and resentful

Anxious Avoidant:
- Ignores caregiver and does not display emotion when caregiver leaves or returns
- Child does not explore, regardless of who is present
- Strangers are treated similarly to caregiver
- Very little display of emotion occurs

Question 26

What age does stranger anxiety appear?

Answer 26

6-12 months

Question 27

What are some cultural variations in attachment?

Answer 27

• German babies tend to be labelled as more ‘avoidant’ than American babies, possibly because they are encouraged to be independent
• Japanese babies tend to resist strangers, possibly because Japanese mothers rarely let anyone unfamiliar care for their babies
• Hausa babies (who live in Nigeria) are raised by both grandmothers & siblings
• Agricultural societies – older siblings assigned major responsibility for younger siblings’ care

Question 28

What are Baumrinds parenting styles?

Answer 28

1. Permissive parenting
2. Authoritarian
3. Authoritative
4. Uninvolved

Question 29

What is permissive parenting and what are the effects?

Answer 29

Parents are undemanding and emotionally responsive (Also referred to as ‘laissez-faire’ or ‘indulgent’)
- Set few rules or expectations regarding behaviour
- Allow considerable self-regulation and avoid confrontation
- Children tend to have final say

Effects on children:
- Poor emotion regulation (under regulated)
- Rebellious and defiant when desires are challenged.
- Low persistence to challenging tasks
- Anti-social behaviours

Question 30

What is authoritarian parenting and what are the effects?

Answer 30

Parents are demanding emotinally unresponsive
- Obedience-oriented and expect orders to be obeyed without explanation
- These parents provide well-ordered and structured environments with clearly stated rules.

Effects on children:
- Anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy disposition
- Poor reactions to frustration (girls are particularly likely to give up and boys become especially hostile)
- Do well in school (High performing anxiety)
- Not likely to engage in antisocial activities such as drug and alcohol abuse, vandalism, gangs

Question 31

What is authoritative/democratic parenting and what are the effects?

Answer 31

Parents are demanding and emotionally responsive
- Monitor and impart clear standards for their children’s conduct
- Disciplinary methods are supportive, rather than punitive i.e: they will explain reasons for consequences
- Goals to raise children to be assertive, socially responsible, self-regulated and cooperative

Effects on children:
- Happy disposition
- Self-confident, follow through to master tasks
- Developed emotion regulation
- Developed social skills
- Less rigid about gender stereotypes (sensitivity in boys and independence in girls)

Question 32

What is uninvolved parenting and what are the effects?

Answer 32

Parents are undemanding and unresponsive
- Parents’ main focus is not on children
- In extreme cases, this parenting style may encompass both rejecting-neglecting and neglectful parents

Effects on children:
- Increased risk of depression / mental health problems.
- more impulsive and less self-control.
- increased tendency for self-isolation.
- difficulty forming lasting bonds.

Question 33

What is hyper-parenting?

Answer 33

Hyper-parenting is overscheduling and being over-involved in your child’s life and schedule, hoping to turn them into geniuses

Question 34

What are refusenik parents?

Answer 34

Give children time to play, develop a sense of self, listen to experts, and aim to aid their child into becoming fully functioning.
(The name refers to “refuse”ing to hyper-parent)

• Children end up normal, healthy, and well rounded

Question 35

What is the effect of hyper-parenting?

Answer 35

• Anxiety
• Stress
• Over-obedient
• Lack independence and freethinking
• May not be able to develop talents or potential

Question 36

What is bubble wrap parenting?

Answer 36

Also referred to as helicopter parenting, this ailment means you shield your kids from harm. All harm including any failure whatsoever.

Question 37

What is the effect of bubble wrap parenting?

Answer 37

• Child cannot handle stress or stressful situations
• Hard time problem solving