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Companion Animal & Equine Behavior > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are horses used for?

A

work, performance, and recreation

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2
Q

Understanding how horses perceive and react to the world around them allows us to better _____, _____, and _____ them.

A

appreciate, train, and manage

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3
Q

Why is studying the horse’s behavior important?

A
  • Can learn a better understanding of the horse’s nature we can learn how to work more safely and more effectively with horses
  • Through a more thorough understanding of how the horse evolved we will have an enhanced understanding of how to manage horses
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4
Q

What is behavior?

A

the manner in which an animal reacts to stimuli

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5
Q

What is a horse’s behavior a product of?

A

It’s biology (“nature”) and its environment (“nurture”), and includes actions in response to internal and external stimuli

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6
Q

What is equine ethology?

A

the scientific study of the way horses act (behave)

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7
Q

What differences of the horse brain compared to humans reflect some of the behavioral differences between the species?

A

the proportionally large cerebellum in the equine brain indicates the importance of sensory integration, body awareness, balance, movement, and coordination

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8
Q

The structure of the brain suggests that the horse evolved to ______________________

A

act and then think

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9
Q

The horse evolved primarily as a __________

A

plains dweller

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10
Q

Due to the plentiful, but fairly low-quality forage available on the plains, the horse evolved to be a __________

A

grazer, eating small amounts of feed in a nearly continuous manner

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11
Q

Is the horse a prey or predator animal?

A

prey

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12
Q

What predatory animals are horses prey for?

A

large cats and wolves

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13
Q

The horse has developed a very strong what because of being a prey animal?

A

flight response

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14
Q

Where did the donkey likely evolve?

A

mountainous terrain

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15
Q

What will a donkey do differently than a horse?

A

donkeys will typically evaluate a situation more thoroughly before deciding to flee

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16
Q

What are the horse’s 5 senses?

A
  1. Vision
  2. Audition - hearing
  3. Olfaction - smell
  4. Gustation - taste
  5. Tactician - touch
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17
Q

What is the horse’s eye like size compared to land mammals?

A

is among the largest of all land mammals

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18
Q

Where is the eye placed on a horse’s head?

A

side of the head

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19
Q

What shape is the horse’s pupil?

A

more horizontal shape

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20
Q

What happens due to the combination of the horse’s eye placement and pupil shape?

A

makes the horse excellent at detecting movement

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21
Q

Does the horse have a small or large range of peripheral vision?

A

large

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22
Q

Monocular vision

A

allows the horse to see separate images out of each eye making them able to see movements on each side of their body

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23
Q

Binocular vision

A

allows the horse to see an object more clearly

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24
Q

What does monocular vision allow the horse to see?

A

allows the horse to see nearly all around his body

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25
Q

Without turning its head a horse cannot see where?

A
  1. directly in front of his face
  2. under head and neck
  3. under belly
  4. directly behind tail
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26
Q

What does binocular vision allow horse to do?

A

focus on an object in the distance and then investigate it close up

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27
Q

A horses field of vision will change according to its __________?

A

head position

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28
Q

Horses will utilize their depth perception to rate the __________ as in show jumping?

A

distance of obstacles

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29
Q

Do horses have color vision?

A

yes

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30
Q

How many types of cones do horses have in their eye?

A

2

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31
Q

what does the amount of cones a horse has result in?

A

dichromatic color vision

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32
Q

The horse’s ability to see in low light is due to the structure in the eye called the __________?

A

tapetum lucidum

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33
Q

What does the tapetum lucidum structure cause?

A

eyeshine, when light is, shines at the horse in the dark or iridescent eye appearance noticeable in photographs

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34
Q

Can horses see better in the dark than humans?

A

yes

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35
Q

The horse’s eye does not adjust to sudden changes in what?

A

lighting

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36
Q

How many degrees can a horse’s ears rotate (approximately)?

A

180 degrees

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37
Q

Where do a horse’s ears point?

A

toward the source of the sound to pick up more information

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38
Q

The eyes and ears typically are working together, and the direction of the ear can tell you where your horse is __________?

A

paying attention

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39
Q

What are the 3 primary functions of audition?

A
  1. detect sounds
  2. determine the location of the sound
  3. provide information to recognize the identity of those sounds
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40
Q

Can horses hear a wider range of frequencies and tend to react to sounds that humans may not perceive?

A

yes

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41
Q

Comparative studies have shown what about horses’ hearing?

A

that horses have more acute hearing at higher frequency than humans, and that humans tend to hear better at low and mid-frequency range.

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42
Q

What is the lowest frequency horses can hear at 60 dB?

What is the highest frequency horses can hear at 60 dB?

A

55

33.5

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43
Q

What do horses use their sense of smell for?

A

to familiarize with novel objects, surroundings, other horses, and people

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44
Q

What is the first thing you should do when acquainting yourself to a horse?

A

let them smell you

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45
Q

What enables the horse’s nostril to open for entry of odor molecules and intake of air when investigating?

A

size, shape, flexibility, and muscling of the nostril

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46
Q

What is olfaction important for?

A
  • location of food
  • ensuring food and water are of acceptable quality
  • identification of other horses, people, and objects
  • alerting the horse to predators
  • identification of marked territories of other horses
  • initiating reproductive behaviors
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47
Q

What allows the horse to detect odors?

A

chemoreceptors in the mucous membranes of the nasal passage

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48
Q

As odorous molecules enter the passageway, they bind with chemoreceptors sending signals to the _________ via the __________.

A

brain ; olfactory nerve

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49
Q

Where does interpretation of the odor then take place?

A

the brain

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50
Q

What is an accessory organ the horse has that helps them smell?

A

the Vomeronasal Organ (VNO)

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51
Q

Where is the VNO located? What is it used for?

A

located inside the horse’s nose and is used to detect pheromones and other substances

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52
Q

What do horse’s do using the VNO?

A

Flehmen Response

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53
Q

What do horses do when they display the flehmen response?

A

a horse will curl his lip ip and lift his head back

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54
Q

When is the flehmen response behavior observed?

A

observed in stallions when they are investigating mare’s urine to differentiate estrus mares from diestrus mares

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55
Q

What is the flehmen response thought to do?

A

intensify smells

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56
Q

What is the flehmen response most commonly seen in?

A

stallions and geldings

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57
Q

What sense is very well developed in a horse

A

sense of touch

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58
Q

How refined is a horse’s sense of touch?

A

a horse is able to detect the presence of an insect on its coat

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59
Q

What are the most sensitive areas in a horse?

A
  • ears
  • eyes
  • nose
  • flank (sides)
  • legs
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60
Q

When is the sense of touch of great importance?

A

during training and riding

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61
Q

Why is the sense of touch of great importance during training and riding?

A

This sensitivity helps the horse feel and response to subtle cues, including shifts in rider weight and very slight application of pressure from the aids

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62
Q

Most horses learn to accept and trust human touch through what?

A

desensitization and habituation

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63
Q

Evidence that horses have the ability to feel pain includes:

A
  • lameness

- painkillers are effective

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64
Q

Like olfaction, the horse’s sense of taste also relies on _____?

A

chemoreceptors

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65
Q

What are the horses basic tastes?

A
  • bitter
  • sweet
  • salt
  • sour
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66
Q

There is also evidence that horses, like children, may develop a __________ over time

A

sweet tooth

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67
Q

What are the horse’s flavor preferences?

A
  • fenugreek (aromatic herb)
  • banana
  • cherry (artificial flavoring only - natural cherry trees can cause toxicity in horses)
  • rosemary
  • cumin
  • carrot
  • peppermint
  • oregano
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68
Q

What are the 8 categories of horse behavior?

A
  1. Ingestive (eating/drinking)
  2. Eliminative (waste removal)
  3. Play
  4. Investigative
  5. Vigilance
  6. Caregiving / care seeking
  7. Agonistic / aggressive
  8. Social facilitation
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69
Q

What is ingestive behavior?

A

the selection and intake of food, milk, and water at each stage throughout the horse’s lifespan

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70
Q

How are horses designed to consume food?

A

designed to consume small, frequent meals consisting of primarily high-fiber, low-quality forages like hay and grasses

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71
Q

Where should horses browse from?

A

shrubs, bushes, and trees

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72
Q

What are the key components of normal grazing behavior?

A

locomotion and movement as the horse moves from feeding station to feeding station

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73
Q

What distance can be covered in a single day while grazing?

A

several miles

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74
Q

How do horses tend to take trips to go get a drink of water?

A

tend to go as a herd

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75
Q

When do horses consume more water?

A

tend to consume more water in the warm weather than in cool weather

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76
Q

What are horses finicky about when it comes to water?

A

can be finicky about the smell and source of water

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77
Q

Why is it important to be observant of a horse’s ingestive and eliminative behavior?

A

changes in eating and drinking and/or eliminative behavior may be signs of pain, discomfort, or illness

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78
Q

What is eliminative behavior?

A

actions and behaviors the horse does to get waste products out

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79
Q

What are the primary eliminative mechanisms?

A

urination and defecation

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80
Q

What management is required of horse waste

A
  • removal of manure from the horse’s living space
  • where to put it
  • what to do with it
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81
Q

What will discriminate horses do in terms of elimination?

A

they will go in the same place almost every time

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82
Q

Do horses prefer to eat grass where they have eliminated?

A

no

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83
Q

Investigative behavior

A

many horses are naturally curious and they explore their surroundings through investigative behavior

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84
Q

When can the horse’s curiosity work in our advantage?

A

during training

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85
Q

What is play behavior?

A

often characterized as actions that seem to resemble more serious behaviors, but are carried out with less serious intent, and have an element of pleasure or surprise

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86
Q

When is play behavior especially important?

A

for the development of young horses

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87
Q

What are the four distinct categories of play?

A
  • object play
  • locomotor play
  • play fighting
  • sexual play
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88
Q

Who do horses seek care from/ for?

A

seek care from other horses, but also aim to give care to each other

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89
Q

When can caregiving behaviors be seen?

A

when pasture mates scratch each other’s withers and backs

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90
Q

What is the whinny?

A

characterized as an attention-seeking behavior and is displayed even in neonatal foals

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91
Q

What is allogrooming?

A

care directed from one horse to another

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92
Q

What is mutual grooming?

A

when horses are reciprocating care behaviors (grooming)

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93
Q

What is autogrooming?

A

the ways in which the horse aims to groom himself

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94
Q

What are the autogrooming behaviors?

A
  • rolling
  • scratching with hooves
  • scratching with teeth
  • rubbing on objects
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95
Q

Where do horses prefer to roll?

A

in dry sandy areas, and rolling is one of the horse’s only means for grooming the topside of the body

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96
Q

What is agonistic behavior?

A

includes actions related to threats, aggression, and attacks as well has passivity and attempts to defend, escape, or avoid aggression

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97
Q

What is agonistic behavior very much involved in?

A

in the development, maintenance, and organization of the herd

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98
Q

What are aggressive behaviors?

A
  1. biting
  2. kicking
  3. striking
  4. charging
  5. fleeing
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99
Q

What will you see when you observe a group of horses resting out in a field?

A

at least one horse will be standing at attention

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100
Q

What are herd dynamics?

A

social hierarchy, pecking order, or dominance hierarchy

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101
Q

Will hierarchy for food and shelter always be identical?

A

not always

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102
Q

What does an established dominance hierarchy assist in?

A

minimizing aggressive interactions in the long run and maintaining stable social groups helps to minimize injury

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103
Q

Dominant horses

A

will be prone to getting too much feed and becoming overly fat

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104
Q

More submissive horses

A

will be prone to becoming undernourished and thinner

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105
Q

For management consideration, how much space should horses have?

A

sufficient space for each horse to display more threat like behaviors and minimize actual aggressive actions (like biting or kicking)

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106
Q

For management consideration, what should corners be like in fences?

A

should avoid share corners and angles in fence lines whenever possible

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107
Q

Where should you place high values resources (e.g. water tank or hay feeder)?

A

in open areas where horses have the ability to move around and escape without getting trapped

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108
Q

How large should building openings be?

A

large enough to allow horses to comfortably pass through. smaller doorways may help keep the shed warmer, but horses will use it less if they fear they might be “trapped”

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109
Q

How should you house different age groups?

A

should house then separately. older horses will typically be more dominant than young horses leading to overly fed old horses and underfed younsters.

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110
Q

What is critical for horse-to-human and horse-to-horse communication?

A

body language

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111
Q

How does the horse relay how he is feeling?

A

uses his whole body and voice

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112
Q

What are the most salient areas of the body to observe and read?

A

the ears, eyes, lips, head position, and tail

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113
Q

ears pricked

A

ears held stiff with openings pointed directly forward usually means the horse is alert

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114
Q

ears neutral

A

is when the ears are held loosely upward, openings facing forward or outward

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115
Q

airplane ears

A

the ears flop out laterally with opening facing down, usually means the horse is tired or depressed

116
Q

drooped ears

A

hang down loosely to the side, usually means tiredness or pain

117
Q

ears angled backwards

A

usually meaning attentiveness to the rider or listening to commands

118
Q

ears pinned flat against the neck

A

angry and aggressive

119
Q

tail tightly clamped down

A

fear, nervousness, tension

–> may precede a kick with hind legs

120
Q

a highly raised tail - compared to the natural, relaxed carriage

A

a hyper alert state
excitability
excess energy
–> horse may benefit from warm up lunging before being ridden

121
Q

swishing and/or “wringing” of tail

A

irritation / frustration

  • swishing generally is most often performed as means of removing flies and other biting insects, but also may occur during training to an aversive stimulus
  • tail wringing is most often observed in high-level performance horses during intense work
122
Q

subtle, rhythmic swishes of tail

A

may indicate changes in balancing (for example when the horse is performing lead changes in the canter)

123
Q

legs pawing

A

they are frustrated or bored

124
Q

one front leg lifed

A

can be a mild threat (or normal stance when sometimes eating)

125
Q

a back leg lifted

A

is often a more defensive threat

126
Q

stamping legs

A

indicates a mild threat or protest (or they may be getting rid of flies biting their legs)

127
Q

snapping facial expression

A

this is seen in foals showing submission to an older horse

128
Q

jaws open with teeth exposed

A

this shows aggression or possible attack

129
Q

the flehmen response

A

this is caused by an intense or unusual smell, usually in stallions when they sense a mare in heat

130
Q

flared nostrils

A

usually means they are excited or alert

131
Q

showing whites around their eyes

A

usually means they are nervous or scared

132
Q

When and where was the horse domesticated?

A

evidence suggests around the Ukraine region approximately 6,000 years ago

133
Q

Why was the horse initially domesticated?

A

as a food source

134
Q

When and where did humans begin using horses for work?

A

5,000 years ago in the North East

135
Q

What did horses play a significant role in as developing civilizations can into conflict?

A

war

136
Q

How do feral horses typically organize themselves?

A

into a small breeding band consisting of a mature stallion, mature mares, and the immature offspring

137
Q

What happens when immature males approach puberty?

A

they are driven off & often form small bachelor bands

138
Q

How much time do feral horses spend engaged in foraging behavior?

A

1/2 of the day

139
Q

How much of the day to feral horses spend lying down?

A

8%

140
Q

What is a horse’s sleeping pattern like?

A

in small segments versus a long session

141
Q

What helps potentially reduce a horse’s vulnerability to predators?

A

the developments of a “stay apparatus” in the front legs

142
Q

What does the “stay apparatus” do?

A

horses can actually lock their front legs and sleep while standing up (though they do not go into deep REM sleep in this position)

143
Q

What are stereotypic behaviors?

A

repetitive, invariant, behavior with no obvious goal or function

144
Q

What type of horses are stereotypic behaviors observed in?

A

domestic and captive wild horses

145
Q

What percentage of domesticated horses in Canada and the UK exhibit stereotypies

A

13%

146
Q

What were stereotypies referred to as in the past?

A

stable vices

147
Q

Are stereotypic behaviors the result of only “boredom”?

A

not simply to result of boredom, but have legitimate physiological causes

148
Q

What are the categories of stereotypic behaviors?

A

oral stereotypies –> mouth

locomotor stereotypies –> movement

149
Q

What do oral stereotypies include?

A

cribbing
wind-sucking
wood-chewing

150
Q

What do locomotor stereotypies include?

A

weaving
stall-walking / box-walking
head movements
pawing

151
Q

Cribbing and Windsucking

A

a horse bites onto a hard surface, arches its neck and sucks in air, making a grunting noise

152
Q

What happens when a horse cribs or windsucks?

A

causes a release of endorphins

–> cribbing becomes addictive

153
Q

How to manage cribbing

A
  • increase the amount of long-stemmed forage
  • reducing amount of grain
  • offering multiple types of forage
  • increasing the number of meals per day
  • cribbing collars (won’t completely eliminate)
154
Q

Is wood chewing common?

A

yes

155
Q

What are the common causes of wood chewing

A
  • boredom

- unbalanced diet

156
Q

How to manage wood chewing

A
  • increase amount of long-stemmed forage
  • reduce amount of grain in diet
  • offer multiple types of forage
  • feeding more small meals per day
  • if this doesn’t help – apply rubber coating to wood, or a no chew solution (horses don’t like sour or spicy flavors)
157
Q

When does weaving occur?

A

when the horse stands by the stall and rhythmically shifts weight back and forth on its front legs while swinging its head

158
Q

What is weaving associated with?

A

boredom

159
Q

How to manage weaving

A
  • increase turn-out time
  • allow horses to see neighboring horses
  • research has also shown that installing a (non breakable) mirror will reduce the time spent weaving
160
Q

What can must adult, lightly worked horses have all their energy needs met by?

A

forage alone (e.g. pasture and hay)

161
Q

Is grain required for the majority of horses?

A

no

162
Q

When should you feed horses?

A

at least twice per day at nearly the same times each day

–> feeding 3-4x per day or more often is even better

163
Q

What should you consider feeding during pasture season?

A

consider having horses on pasture for large part of the day for natural foraging

164
Q

What behaviors in the wild are not necessary for animals in captivity?

A
  • search for food / water / shelter
  • competition with other animals
  • escape from predators
  • searching for a mate
  • social activities
  • protecting territory
165
Q

What does an animal have more of in captivity that may cause abnormal behaviors to develop?

A

free time

166
Q

What is enrichment?

A

an item that increases animals intellectual resources

167
Q

Cage design

A

examples: places to hide / burrow, heating devices,

  • amount of space
  • animal natural habitat
  • meet basic needs of animal
168
Q

Social

A
  • individual vs. group housing

- contact vs. non-contact

169
Q

Feeding/ foraging

A
  • encourage foraging behavior
  • challenges to obtain food
  • diet variation
170
Q

Toys

A

examples: chew toys, puzzle feeders, snuffle mats, jelly ball
- change to prevent habituation

171
Q

Visual

A
  • items that attract animal’s eye
    ~ different colors, shapes, mirrors
    ~ move in the wind
    ~ see other animals
172
Q

Olfactory

A
  • strong smelling foods
  • items that have been around other animals
  • hunting scent
173
Q

Auditory

A
  • sound of other animals
  • music –> increases likelihood: of breeding, calms animals
  • study shows new age better than pop, classical, or no music
174
Q

Tactile

A
  • novel textures
  • paper bag, burlap, bark, foliage
  • vary food textures
  • touch
  • grooming, scratching, rubbing
175
Q

Training

A
  • increases intellectual focus

- not appropriate for all animals

176
Q

Environmental Enrichment for dogs

A

playing music, space, area soley for elimination, puzzle toys

177
Q

Environmental Enrichment for cats

A

platforms, multiple levels, litter boxes with space, groom, toys

178
Q

Environmental Enrichment for rats, mice, rabbits

A

wheel, nesting material, tunnels

179
Q

Environmental Enrichment for birds

A

mirrors, shiny objects, bells

180
Q

Environmental Enrichment for horses

A

toys, social interaction, feeding rituals

181
Q

Environmental Enrichment for reptiles

A

crickets, small mice, basking rock

182
Q

Environmental Enrichment for fish

A

different colors, different types of food, other fish companions

183
Q

What types of birds are in order Psittaciformes?

A

parrots, parakeets, macaws

184
Q

What types of birds are in order Passeriformes?

A

canaries, finches, starlings, wrens, cardinals

185
Q

What size does order Psittaciformes range from?

A

4-40 inches

186
Q

What is order Psittaciformes commonly known as?

A

the parrot family

187
Q

What physical characteristics does order Psittaciformes have?

A

curved bulls and zygodactyl feet

188
Q

Birds in zygodactyl Psittaciformes order are _____, _____, and _____

A

intelligent, colorful, and unique

189
Q

Where is order Psittaciformes mainly found?

A

subtropical regions of the southern hemisphere

190
Q

Are parrots strictly figuvores?

A

no, rather they are ominvores

191
Q

What is the exception to being an omnivore in the parrot family?

A

the lory parrot –> can only eat pollen

192
Q

How strong are parrots jaws / beak?

A

they can snap open nutshells or if large enough, can even take off a finger

193
Q

What is the largest bird order? How many known species make up this group?

A

order Passeriformes. has over 10,000 known species

194
Q

Passeriformes physical traits

A

straight, short beak with relates to their diet with three unwebbed digits up front and hallux on the back

195
Q

What are Passeriformes aften nicknamed

A

perching or songbirds

196
Q

What are the two suborders of Passeriformes?

A

tyranni and passeri

197
Q

What is tyranni known for?

A

born for knowing their songs

198
Q

what is passeri known for?

A

using their syrinx to learn and make complex songs

199
Q

What are the sources of companion birds?

A

wild caught and captive bred

200
Q

Wild caught birds

A
  • until 1980’s, birds were wild caught

- more frequent behavior problems

201
Q

Captive bred birds

A
  • increasing number raised by hand

- make better companions

202
Q

Small birds

A

parrotlets, lovebirds, parakeets

203
Q

Parrotlets

A
  • are the smallest type of parrot

- known for their big personality in a small body

204
Q

Lovebirds

A
  • known for their loving, attentive bond

- lovebirds are strong bonding animals - best in pairs

205
Q

Parakeets

A
  • often referred to as an interbird, bit still requires just as much attention
  • capable of mimicry
206
Q

Medium birds

A

conures, lories, cockatiels, african greys, eclectus

207
Q

Conures

A
  • bold instead of shy and cautious

- notable for its signature high pitched screech

208
Q

Lories

A
  • known for its brush-like tongue

- prone to self-mutilating behaviors

209
Q

Cockatiels

A
  • this type of bird is one of the most popular companion birds
  • known for their whistling serenades
210
Q

African Greys

A
  • known as the “most intelligent of the bird world”

- these birds often pluck their feathers out of boredom

211
Q

Eclectus

A
  • this species of birds has sexual dimorphism

- comparatively, the eclectus parrot is relatively gentle and doesn’t tolerate frantic activity well

212
Q

Large birds

A

amazons, cockatoos, macaws

213
Q

Amazons

A
  • known for their excellent singing ability

- one of longest lived parrots (60+ years)

214
Q

Cockatoos

A
  • often referred to as velcro birds because of their insatiable desire to be around humans
  • just like children, they can be very loud and have temper tantrums
215
Q

Macaws

A
  • just as they are large, so is their volume – it can travel over one mile!
  • if they wanted, macaws could take off a finger or break a broomstick with one bite
216
Q

Early development –> hand reared birds

A
  • baby birds are altricial and require to be hand fed food by humans when raised in captivity
217
Q

After weaning birds

A
  • at this stage, the bird become less dependent and can eat on their own
  • human and bird relationship must be developed
218
Q

Birds weaning to 6 months in the wild vs. in captivity

A

in the wild:
- learn natural behaviors (i.e. finding food, avoiding enemies, getting home, etc)

in captivity:
- learn modified behaviors (i.e. living at home, understanding manners, etc.)

219
Q

Notable periods in birds

A

honeymoon, development, adulthood

220
Q

Honeymoon

A 
- new to home
     ~ handle consistently
- socialization 
     ~ exposure to new things
- guidance
     ~ teach manners and independence
221
Q

Development

A
  • test boundaries
  • new behaviors
    ~ balance
    ~ tasting food
    ~ flying
    ~ copycat
  • require socialization
222
Q

Adulthood

A
  • instinct to reproduce
    ~ chewing
    ~ vocalizing
  • routine behaviors
223
Q

Feeding behavior in the wild vs. in captivity

A

in the wild:

  • large amount of time spent foraging
  • social eaters

in captivity:

  • foraging behavior still present
  • enrichment should be provided to fulfill instinct
224
Q

Preening & bathing

A
  • birds preen to remove dirt and feather dust buildup

- although it’s not necessarily vital, regular bathing maintains healthy feathers and skin

225
Q

Feathers ruffled

A

sometimes misleading, can mean contentment or defensiveness depending on posture and circumstance

226
Q

Crest position

A

only seen in cockatoos and cockatiels, extremely flat = fear vs fully erect = excitement

227
Q

Eye pinning

A

rapidly enlarging and shrinking of pupils, should be taken into context with bird’s immediate environment and body posture to get an accurate emotional reading

228
Q

Head shaking or bobbing

A

when the bird wants attention

229
Q

Beak grinding

A

sign of contentment

230
Q

Beak wiping

A

after eating or for marking territory

231
Q

Beak clicking

A

single = greeting, rapid repetition = warning

232
Q

Beak biting

A

when a bird is fearful, stressed, injured, or ill

233
Q

Beak chewing

A

used as a way to eat

234
Q

Beak mouthing

A

for playing and wrestling with other birds

235
Q

Beak regurgitating

A

to show a great deal of love

236
Q

Chattering

A

comes in two different volumes, either for contentment or attention getting

237
Q

Purring

A

much like a cat, this means that the parrot is content

238
Q

Growling

A

more of a warning, but not seen in all birds

239
Q

Singing, talking, and whistling

A

good sign of a healthy and happy bird

240
Q

Wing flapping

A

attention getting, or exercise, happy

241
Q

Wing flipping

A

in pain or angry, can be mating behavior in some species

242
Q

Wing dropping

A

usually in young birds or can indicate illness

243
Q

Tail wagging

A

happy to see you or precursor to defacating

244
Q

Tail flipping

A

another happy sign

245
Q

Tail bobbing

A

generally when a bird is trying to catch their breath

246
Q

Tail fanning

A

a way of displaying strength and vitality

247
Q

Legs & feet tapping

A

powerplay of dominance in cockatoos

248
Q

Legs & feet hanging upside down

A

when birds are happy in their environment

249
Q

Legs & feet scratching

A

usually seen in birds who need to forage

250
Q

Posture relaxed

A

at attention, but happy and content

251
Q

Posture bowing

A

head dipped downward toward you to be pet/ scratched

252
Q

Posture defensive

A

lots of puffing and lunging, looking as big as possible

253
Q

Posture back laying

A

usually only seen in companion birds

254
Q

What are the causes of unfavored behaviors in birds?

A

Unfilled needs

  1. nutritional deficiency / lack of water
  2. boredom - not enough foraging opportunities
  3. cage size - when too small, birds can get upset / irritated
  4. socialization - not enough novel stimuli
255
Q

How can biting be reduced?

A

if you can identify the cause

256
Q

Why do birds scream?

A

results from boredom, wanting attention, or some other type of stress?

257
Q

What do destructive behaviors indicate? How can you reduce this behavior in birds?

A
  • indication that enrichment is insufficient

- including the bird in daily activities might help reduce behavior

258
Q

What is territoriality as sign of?

A
  • can be a sign of dominant / hormonal behavior, but might also be a sign that the bird is unhappy
259
Q

When can self mutilation occur in birds?

A
  • feather plucking can occur where birds are severely unsettled / distressed due to their environment (too small, dirty, unstimulating, etc.)
260
Q

What is unintentional reinforcement?

A

undesirable behaviors are often worsened by an owner’s reaction whether it’s laughing or crying out

261
Q

What is the best response to unfavorable behavior in birds?

A

no response is the best response

262
Q

What are other solutions to unfavorable behaviors in birds?

A
  • seek professional help
    ~ research and /or reach out to experienced handlers
  • anticipate incidents
    ~ keep a documentation to identify a pattern
263
Q

How can you change / check cage variables for birds?

A
  • upgrade to a larger size
    ~ cages should be 1.5x the width, height, and depth of the birds wingspan
  • change location
    ~ should be in a place where there is constant activity and up against at least one wall
  • put at an appropriate height
    ~ putting a bird cage on the floor will increase stress levels
264
Q

How can you offer additional mental stimulation for birds?

A
  • provide interactive toys when you are gone and spend time bonding with your bird when you are home
265
Q

How can you accommodate bird sleeping needs

A
  • adult birds should receive 10-12 hours of darkness each night
  • ensure that sound is also reduced after the cage is covered
266
Q

What are some physical bird enrichment types?

A
  • ideally, your bird should be left out of the cage to receive flying time
  • offer plenty of ladders, bungee ropes, and swings, but ensure there is no way the bird can get tangled
267
Q

What are some mental bird enrichment types?

A
  • parrots spend up to 50-70% of their day searching for food in the wild
  • pet birds are only three generations removed from their counterparts and still retain this instinct; therefore. captive birds should have just as much foraging opportunities
  • foraging can be presented in handmade contraptions or purchased items
268
Q

What are some tactile bird enrichment types?

A
  • toys help birds explore with their tongue and beak
  • feeling with beak is instinctual to companion birds
  • perches allow birds to experience multiple foot positions of different textures
  • offering textured perches naturally wear down beaks and toenails
269
Q

What are some social bird enrichment types?

A
  • birds are social animals

- spending time with a parrot is vitally important

270
Q

What are some auditory bird enrichment types?

A
  • wild parrots use vocalization across long distances for communication
  • play desirable sounds, as many parrots are great at mimicking what they hear around them
271
Q

What are some visual bird enrichment types?

A
  • birds are visually oriented creatures

- place them where they will be the most entertained

272
Q

Capturing a behavior

A

catching an animal in the act of presenting a behavior

273
Q

Bribery

A

showing the reinforcer to the animal prior to the behavior

274
Q

Jackpot

A

an unusually large or valuable reinforcer delivered upon the first occurance of a behavior

275
Q

What is the sequence of events for understanding a new behavior in a bird?

A

capturing a behavior –> bribery –> jackpot

276
Q

Cue

A

a signal that tells the animal what to do

277
Q

Target

A

teaching an animal to orient a body part towards a specific place

278
Q

Bridge

A

a signal or marker that indicates when an animal has done something correct

279
Q

Reinforcement

A

providing an animal with a reward after performing the desired behavior

280
Q

What is the sequence of events for a learned behavior in a bird?

A

cue –> target –> bridge –> reinforcement

281
Q

Negative punishment

A

removal of a positive reinforcement

purpose: decrease or suppress the frequency of a behavior

282
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

removal of a stimulus following a behavior

purpose: maintains or increase frequency of the behavior

283
Q

Positive punishment

A

presentation of an aversive stimuli

purpose: decrease or suppress the frequency of a behavior

284
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

presentation of a positive stimulus following a behavior

purpose: maintains or increases frequency of the behavior

285
Q

Why should you improve / maintain relationship with your bird?

A

the more you have in the trust fund, the more you have to take from

286
Q

Why is exploration important for birds?

A

access to new stimuli creates new behaviors

287
Q

Why is praise important for birds?

A

all being work best when positively reinforced

Companion Animal & Equine Behavior (9 decks)

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