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History SA > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What had the National Party done to higher education?

A

Complete segregation

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2
Q

What were 2 consequences of segregating and controlling education?

A

Cut down African elite aspiration

Extended higher education for more people

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3
Q

The National Party had hoped that African universities would increase their links where?

A

The Homelands

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4
Q

What University focused on political discussion bringing groups together?

A

Turfloop

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5
Q

What inspired a more militant stance among students?

A

MLK and militant Christianity

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6
Q

What was the problem with NUSAS (Student Union) for Steve Biko?

A

It was dominated by whites

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7
Q

Who set up SASO and in what year?

A

Steve Biko in 1969

South Africa Student Organisation

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8
Q

What was Black consciousness?

A

Liberate own minds - black is beautiful

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9
Q

What other groups were included in black consciousness?

A

Indians and coloureds

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10
Q

What did SASO celebrate happening in 1974?

A

Mozambique independence from Portugal (external ANC bases)

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11
Q

What form of protest did the black consciousness movement adopt?

A

Peaceful protests

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12
Q

The government put the SASO 9 on trial, what effect did this have?

A

Gave them a platform to explain their ideas of black consciousness

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13
Q

From 1950 to 1975, how much did the number of students increase by?

A

1 million to 3.5 million

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14
Q

What effect did the increasing numbers of students have?

A

Bigger classes, lowly trained teachers and packed building

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15
Q

Schools increased what in black communities?

A

Aspirations

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16
Q

Soweto was what in black resistance?

A

The turning point

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17
Q

What triggered the Soweto uprising?

A

The enforced lessons of Afrikaans

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18
Q

What did Africans see Afrikaans as?

A

The language of the oppressor

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19
Q

What did the change to Afrikaans show about the National Party?

A

Over confident and short sighted

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20
Q

Who organised school protests in 1976?

A

SASM (SA Student Movement)

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21
Q

What forms did SASM take?

A

School boycotts and attacked government buildings

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22
Q

What did students encourage workers to do to help the protests?

A

Stayaways

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23
Q

How many people were killed at Soweto?

A

575

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24
Q

Soweto was the most violent repression since when?

A

Sharpeville

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25
Q

4,000 students fled SA and joined who?

A

The MK

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26
Q

Who publicised many of Bikos ideas helping him reach a white audience?

A

Donald Woods

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27
Q

What as the National parties initial action to restrict Biko?

A

Banning order

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28
Q

What year was Biko killed?

A

1977 (killed by police in an interrogation and they refused to drive him to a white hospital so wasted time driving across SA)

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29
Q

What was the main consequence of Bikos death?

A

International condemnation

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30
Q

How did police claim Biko died that was proven false by woods?

A

Hunger strike

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31
Q

Who was the president of the ANC in exile?

A

Oliver Tambo

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32
Q

Where did the ANC make their bases externally?

A

Zambia

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33
Q

2 failed MK military incursions?

A

Wankie

Sipolilo

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34
Q

In 1969, what did Zambia demand the ANC do?

A

Remove MK bases

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35
Q

What was produced by members of the MK criticising the leadership?

A

Hani referendum

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36
Q

How did Tambo deal with youthful rebels?

A

Expelled them from the ANC

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37
Q

What was decided at the Morogoro conference?

A

Make the ANC multi racial

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38
Q

What were ended by the MK?

A

Armed incursions

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39
Q

Why did some ANC members split off and form a new group?

A

Africanist ideology

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40
Q

Tambo was especially important in gaining the ANC what?

A

International legitimacy

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41
Q

Who had been organising international boycotts in the 1960s and 1970s against SA?

A

The AAM

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42
Q

In 1980, the UN passed a resolution calling for the boycott of what?

A

Cultural and academic boycott

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43
Q

What was the name of the disruption to the rugby tour of England?

A

Stop the seventy tour

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44
Q

In 1970, what sport was SA expelled from?

A

Cricket

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45
Q

Why did Britain refuse economic boycotts on SA?

A

Important trading partner

Cold war

46
Q

What strategy did Britain take to improve SA?

A

Constructive engagement to improve conditions for black workers.

47
Q

What did the ANC accuse British companies in SA of?

A

Exploiting workers

48
Q

What economics shock dramatically affected the world economy?

A

1973 oil crisis

49
Q

Were there more Africans working in industry or farming in 1976?

A

Africans working in industry outnumbered those on farms in 1976

50
Q

What could black workers do to destroy the economy?

A

Go on mass strikes

51
Q

Which bus company faced major strikes in 1972?

A

PUTCO

52
Q

Why were people striking against PUTCO?

A

For better working conditions and higher wages

53
Q

What was different about the Fattis and Monis boycott (sold bread)?

A

It was multi-racial

Fattis-Monis didn’t treat African workers well.

54
Q

What non-racial union was set up in 1979?

A

FOSATU

Federation of SA trade unions

55
Q

COSAS showed support for the ANC by adopting what?

A

Freedom Charter

56
Q

What does COSAS stand for?

A

Congress of SA students

57
Q

The actions of COSAS highlighted what about the ANC?

A

Continued support

58
Q

Who was the only progressive party MP for a long time?

A

Helen Suzman

59
Q

What 2 reasons did the progressive party protest against apartheid?

A

morally and economically damaging

60
Q

In 1981 what percent of the vote did the progressive federal party receive?

A

19%

Became the main opposition

61
Q

Which policy did the Progressive Federal party adopt that lost them support?

A

Universal Franchise

Giving everyone the vote

62
Q

Vorster helped Bantustan policy by increasing what?

A

Investment

63
Q

What year did Tranksei become “independent”?

A

1976

64
Q

What was the failure of the independent Bantustans?

A

Only SA recognised them as independent

65
Q

Examples of wasted money on bantustans?

A

10 homeland capitals built and new airports close together

66
Q

Increasing homeland revenue improved what areas?

A

Education and health

67
Q

What was built in homelands improving education?

A

Universities

68
Q

What was the NP hoping to achieve by increasing homeland revenue?

A

Reduce urbanisation

69
Q

Where refused independence?

A

KwaZulu

70
Q

Homeland leaders met in 1973 and agreed what long-term aim?

A

One black nation

71
Q

What did the homelands need to resort to in order to keep power?

A

Repression

72
Q

Why were bantustan leaders unpopular?

A

They were helping the National Party

Some were corrupt

73
Q

Who was the leader of Transkei?

A

Matanzima

74
Q

What problems did the bantustans create for the National Party?

A

Expensive
Internationally condemned
Center for opposition

75
Q

The National Party entrenched their power by gaining what vote?

A

English speakers

76
Q

What 2 groups did the National Party split into?

A

Verligte

Verkrampte

77
Q

What did Die Burger (national paper) accept was inevitable in the late 1970s?

A

Black urbanisation

78
Q

What policy did Verkramptes want to speed up?

A

Separate development

79
Q

When was the information Scandal?

A

1978

rocked the NP

80
Q

What effect did the information Scandal have on Afrikaners?

A

Starting seeing the government as corrupt.

81
Q

How did SA try resolve the lack of oil from the oil crisis?

A

SASOL (make their own oil)

82
Q

Why was industry struggling in South Africa?

A

Lack of educated and skilled black workers

83
Q

1960-1991 how much did SA white population fall to %?

A

20% to 13%

84
Q

Large increases in African population resulted in what 2 things?

A

Unemployment

Urbanisation

85
Q

What were people forced off farms to cities called?

A

Surplus people

86
Q

Illegal urbanisation made it impossible to enforce what?

A

The pass laws

87
Q

Could the government solve rapid urbanisation and economic stagnation?

A

No

88
Q

What was reform matched with?

A

Repression

89
Q

What was the main aim of Bothas reform?

A

Maintain white power

90
Q

What two political leaders helped SA and the economy?

A

Thatcher and Reagan due to the cold war

91
Q

What changed about African education after Soweto?

A

Increased spending

92
Q

The government wanted to increase what African jobs?

A

Skilled jobs

93
Q

What did Botha accept as irreversible?

A

Urbanisation

but still encouraged homelands

94
Q

Botha gave more power to Africans that formed what?

A

Black urban councils

marked ideological change

95
Q

What did Botha introduce that gave Indians and coloureds more say?

A

Tricameral parliament

96
Q

With Tricameral parliament, Africans only had rights where?

A

Homelands

97
Q

Who set up the conservative party and why?

A

Treurnicht

Due to all of Bothas changes

98
Q

What did the conservative party become later?

A

Official opposition

99
Q

What did Botha have to be careful of after the conservative party set up?

A

Keeping voters on his side

100
Q

Why did Vorster try create links with African neighbours?

A

SA was becoming more isolated (74-83)

101
Q

Which two former Portuguese colonies became a new threat to the NP?

A

Angola (1975)

Mozambique (1975)

102
Q

What was the aim of SA involvement in Mozambique?

A

To destabilise the country and prevent MK bases

103
Q

Why were some whites angry with SA foreign involvement (Mozambique etc.)?

A

Service was compulsory and South Africans were dying in foreign countries.

104
Q

What ideology did the NP worry were taking over their neighbours (74-83)?

A

Communism

105
Q

Where did SA increase spending (1974-1983)

A

The military

106
Q

How did SA put pressure on neighbours?

A

Economically and military

107
Q

What was the Nkomati Accord 1984?

A

Agreement between SA and Mozambique to stop providing support for the ANC

108
Q

Which key countries did not get involved in SA economic sanctions?

A

US/UK

109
Q

Who opposed working with SA firms to improve conditions?

A

AAM/ANC

110
Q

Why were some countries uneasy about the ANC?

A

Armed struggle

111
Q

What individual was the focus of international protest?

A

Mandela

112
Q

1983 - What was organised to raise Mandelas profile?

A

65th birthday party

History SA (3 decks)

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