Unit 3 Flashcards
What had the National Party done to higher education?
Complete segregation
What were 2 consequences of segregating and controlling education?
Cut down African elite aspiration
Extended higher education for more people
The National Party had hoped that African universities would increase their links where?
The Homelands
What University focused on political discussion bringing groups together?
Turfloop
What inspired a more militant stance among students?
MLK and militant Christianity
What was the problem with NUSAS (Student Union) for Steve Biko?
It was dominated by whites
Who set up SASO and in what year?
Steve Biko in 1969
South Africa Student Organisation
What was Black consciousness?
Liberate own minds - black is beautiful
What other groups were included in black consciousness?
Indians and coloureds
What did SASO celebrate happening in 1974?
Mozambique independence from Portugal (external ANC bases)
What form of protest did the black consciousness movement adopt?
Peaceful protests
The government put the SASO 9 on trial, what effect did this have?
Gave them a platform to explain their ideas of black consciousness
From 1950 to 1975, how much did the number of students increase by?
1 million to 3.5 million
What effect did the increasing numbers of students have?
Bigger classes, lowly trained teachers and packed building
Schools increased what in black communities?
Aspirations
Soweto was what in black resistance?
The turning point
What triggered the Soweto uprising?
The enforced lessons of Afrikaans
What did Africans see Afrikaans as?
The language of the oppressor
What did the change to Afrikaans show about the National Party?
Over confident and short sighted
Who organised school protests in 1976?
SASM (SA Student Movement)
What forms did SASM take?
School boycotts and attacked government buildings
What did students encourage workers to do to help the protests?
Stayaways
How many people were killed at Soweto?
575
Soweto was the most violent repression since when?
Sharpeville
4,000 students fled SA and joined who?
The MK
Who publicised many of Bikos ideas helping him reach a white audience?
Donald Woods
What as the National parties initial action to restrict Biko?
Banning order
What year was Biko killed?
1977 (killed by police in an interrogation and they refused to drive him to a white hospital so wasted time driving across SA)
What was the main consequence of Bikos death?
International condemnation
How did police claim Biko died that was proven false by woods?
Hunger strike
Who was the president of the ANC in exile?
Oliver Tambo
Where did the ANC make their bases externally?
Zambia
2 failed MK military incursions?
Wankie
Sipolilo
In 1969, what did Zambia demand the ANC do?
Remove MK bases
What was produced by members of the MK criticising the leadership?
Hani referendum
How did Tambo deal with youthful rebels?
Expelled them from the ANC
What was decided at the Morogoro conference?
Make the ANC multi racial
What were ended by the MK?
Armed incursions
Why did some ANC members split off and form a new group?
Africanist ideology
Tambo was especially important in gaining the ANC what?
International legitimacy
Who had been organising international boycotts in the 1960s and 1970s against SA?
The AAM
In 1980, the UN passed a resolution calling for the boycott of what?
Cultural and academic boycott
What was the name of the disruption to the rugby tour of England?
Stop the seventy tour
In 1970, what sport was SA expelled from?
Cricket
Why did Britain refuse economic boycotts on SA?
Important trading partner
Cold war
What strategy did Britain take to improve SA?
Constructive engagement to improve conditions for black workers.
What did the ANC accuse British companies in SA of?
Exploiting workers
What economics shock dramatically affected the world economy?
1973 oil crisis
Were there more Africans working in industry or farming in 1976?
Africans working in industry outnumbered those on farms in 1976
What could black workers do to destroy the economy?
Go on mass strikes
Which bus company faced major strikes in 1972?
PUTCO
Why were people striking against PUTCO?
For better working conditions and higher wages
What was different about the Fattis and Monis boycott (sold bread)?
It was multi-racial
Fattis-Monis didn’t treat African workers well.
What non-racial union was set up in 1979?
FOSATU
Federation of SA trade unions
COSAS showed support for the ANC by adopting what?
Freedom Charter
What does COSAS stand for?
Congress of SA students
The actions of COSAS highlighted what about the ANC?
Continued support
Who was the only progressive party MP for a long time?
Helen Suzman
What 2 reasons did the progressive party protest against apartheid?
morally and economically damaging
In 1981 what percent of the vote did the progressive federal party receive?
19%
Became the main opposition
Which policy did the Progressive Federal party adopt that lost them support?
Universal Franchise
Giving everyone the vote
Vorster helped Bantustan policy by increasing what?
Investment
What year did Tranksei become “independent”?
1976
What was the failure of the independent Bantustans?
Only SA recognised them as independent
Examples of wasted money on bantustans?
10 homeland capitals built and new airports close together
Increasing homeland revenue improved what areas?
Education and health
What was built in homelands improving education?
Universities
What was the NP hoping to achieve by increasing homeland revenue?
Reduce urbanisation
Where refused independence?
KwaZulu
Homeland leaders met in 1973 and agreed what long-term aim?
One black nation
What did the homelands need to resort to in order to keep power?
Repression
Why were bantustan leaders unpopular?
They were helping the National Party
Some were corrupt
Who was the leader of Transkei?
Matanzima
What problems did the bantustans create for the National Party?
Expensive
Internationally condemned
Center for opposition
The National Party entrenched their power by gaining what vote?
English speakers
What 2 groups did the National Party split into?
Verligte
Verkrampte
What did Die Burger (national paper) accept was inevitable in the late 1970s?
Black urbanisation
What policy did Verkramptes want to speed up?
Separate development
When was the information Scandal?
1978
rocked the NP
What effect did the information Scandal have on Afrikaners?
Starting seeing the government as corrupt.
How did SA try resolve the lack of oil from the oil crisis?
SASOL (make their own oil)
Why was industry struggling in South Africa?
Lack of educated and skilled black workers
1960-1991 how much did SA white population fall to %?
20% to 13%
Large increases in African population resulted in what 2 things?
Unemployment
Urbanisation
What were people forced off farms to cities called?
Surplus people
Illegal urbanisation made it impossible to enforce what?
The pass laws
Could the government solve rapid urbanisation and economic stagnation?
No
What was reform matched with?
Repression
What was the main aim of Bothas reform?
Maintain white power
What two political leaders helped SA and the economy?
Thatcher and Reagan due to the cold war
What changed about African education after Soweto?
Increased spending
The government wanted to increase what African jobs?
Skilled jobs
What did Botha accept as irreversible?
Urbanisation
but still encouraged homelands
Botha gave more power to Africans that formed what?
Black urban councils
marked ideological change
What did Botha introduce that gave Indians and coloureds more say?
Tricameral parliament
With Tricameral parliament, Africans only had rights where?
Homelands
Who set up the conservative party and why?
Treurnicht
Due to all of Bothas changes
What did the conservative party become later?
Official opposition
What did Botha have to be careful of after the conservative party set up?
Keeping voters on his side
Why did Vorster try create links with African neighbours?
SA was becoming more isolated (74-83)
Which two former Portuguese colonies became a new threat to the NP?
Angola (1975)
Mozambique (1975)
What was the aim of SA involvement in Mozambique?
To destabilise the country and prevent MK bases
Why were some whites angry with SA foreign involvement (Mozambique etc.)?
Service was compulsory and South Africans were dying in foreign countries.
What ideology did the NP worry were taking over their neighbours (74-83)?
Communism
Where did SA increase spending (1974-1983)
The military
How did SA put pressure on neighbours?
Economically and military
What was the Nkomati Accord 1984?
Agreement between SA and Mozambique to stop providing support for the ANC
Which key countries did not get involved in SA economic sanctions?
US/UK
Who opposed working with SA firms to improve conditions?
AAM/ANC
Why were some countries uneasy about the ANC?
Armed struggle
What individual was the focus of international protest?
Mandela
1983 - What was organised to raise Mandelas profile?
65th birthday party
