Unit 2 Flashcards
What did the creation of the PAC increase among Africans during the early 1960s?
Mobilised new support
Which crime was biggest in the early 1960s?
Pass offences
Which group attempted to spark mass anger in an attempt to overthrow the National Party?
PAC
What is the most famous PAC protest?
Sharpeville
What date was the sharpeville massacre?
21st March 1960
How many protestors were at Sharpeville?
5,000
What was the aim of the sharpeville protests?
To suspend pass laws
How many people did the police claim they were facing at Sharpeville?
20,000
Where had 9 policemen been killed weeks before sharpeville?
Cato Manor
How many people were killed and injured at sharpeville?
69 died
187 injured
What did the police add to victims at Sharpeville?
Stones and weapons
What did Sharpeville cause a large increase of internationally?
Criticism
Why did Sharpeville gain more attention than previous repression?
Photographs
How did the UN respond to Sharpeville and in what month?
Resolution condemning sharpeville and called for the reversal of Apartheid
April 1960
How did the ANC respond to Sharpeville?
Pass burning and stayaways
What did the government announce on the 30th March 1960?
State of Emergency
How many Africans marched on Capetown?
30,000
Why did protest fail to threaten white rule?
Not widespread or militant enough
What powers did the police gain?
Outlaw meetings
Arrests with no restrictions
What was the important response from the NP to Sharpeville?
Unlawful Organisation Act that banned the ANC and PAC
The Unlawful Organisation Act led to the ANC and PAC turning to what?
Violence
A long running aim of Afrikaans was to remove what from SA?
British influence
Why did Verwoerd feel the time was right for a referendum?
The NP was entrenched in power and had 55% of the whites vote
Why did SA have no TV until 1976?
Restrict international news
What were 2 reasons for Macmillans Wind of change speech?
Celebrate African self government
Gain cold war support
The Wind Of Change speech was before what key event in 1960?
Sharpeville
How much SA investment was British in 1956?
2/3
What was the process of African independence called?
Decolonisation
Macmillans speech reinforced what policy to Verwoerd?
Bantustans
What percentage of voters voted for a republic?
52%
Becoming republic was what to SA?
Symbolic
What year did SA leave the common wealth?
1961
Which county in the common wealth was especially critical of SA?
India
After leaving the commonwealth, SA became more what?
Internationally isolated
What was set up in London in 1960?
AAM (Anti Apartheid Movement)
Why did Britain keep strong relations with SA?
Economically and strategically important
Why did Britain and USA help SA in the 1960s?
So SA would stop communism in Africa
After SA left the commonwealth, what did British companies do?
Huge investments in SA
What could Western countries done to put pressure on SA?
Economic boycott
In 1962, what did the UN pass and what was the problem with it?
Trade embargo on SA however, it was voluntary
What year did Britain impose the arms embargo on SA?
1964
When were radical groups banned?
April, 1960
Examples of violence before 1960
East London (1952) Durban (1959) Mpondoland (1960)
What had the ANC been committed to before the unlawful organisations act?
Peaceful protest / civil disobedience
What was the ANC afraid of if they turned to violence?
Government Repression
Who had already discussed using violence in the 1950s?
Mandela
Where had successful revolutions taken place?
China and Cuba
Name 3 examples of failed peaceful protests
Defiance campaign, freedom charter, Womens pass law protests
What year did the ANC officially turn to violence?
June 1961
Who opposed the decision for the ANC to turn to violence?
Chief Luthuli (head of ANC)
What was the militant wing of the ANC called?
MK
What type of violence did the ANC use?
Sabotage
What was the PAC violent wing?
Poqo
What was the difference between the MK and Poqo?
Poqo attacked people
Name 2 PAC attacks
Mbashe bridge
Paarl march
What was the main reason for failure of violent protest?
Government repression and lack of support
When was the rivonia trial?
1963 and 1964
What did Mandela do in the dock during the Rivonia trial?
Outlined difficulties facing Africans
What did the National Party want Nelson Mandela’s punishment to be at the rivonia trial?
The death penalty
Where were the main leaders imprisoned after Rivonia?
Robben island
Who went into exile to keep the ANC alive?
Oliver Tambo
What was Oliver Tambos external mission?
To gain international support
What did Oliver Tambos external mission achieve?
International legitimacy for the ANC
Where did ANC exiles speak?
UN and Russia
What was a significant problem for SA opposition?
Lack of leadership on the ground.
The AAM struggled to gain significant what?
Support
What 2 sporting events where SA banned from?
FIFA world cup (1963)
Olympics (1964)
Which cricketer was excluded from the English cricket team due to race causing controversy?
Basil D Oliveira
Who replaced Verwoerd as leader of the National Party in 1966?
Vorster
Globally, what was strong until 1973?
Economic growth (oil crisis in 1973)
In the 1960s, what % did the economy grow each year?
5%
What hindered the SA economy?
Skills shortages (unskilled Africans)
How much did African employment increase in manufacturing in the 1960s?
Nearly doubled
What were jobs reserved for whites called?
Colour bar
What were added in the townships in the 1960s?
New houses
In the 1960s, how much did per capita income increase?
23%
During the 1960s, how many people moved to cities
1.5 million to 6 million
The 1960s was seen as the what of apatheid?
High point
What was beginning to emerge among wealthier Africans?
A middle class
The success of townships challenged what National Party belief?
That Africans belong in rural areas
The social gains in african society was made in ….. of apartheid
in spite
Growing African wealth helped produce what?
political protest & conflict
What act attempted to turn homelands into self governing states and in what year?
Bantu self governing act in 1959
Who worked with the National Party to rule Transkei?
Kaiser Matanzima
What were held in homelands but ignored if wrong outcomes were produced?
Elections
How did Transkei benefit from becoming “Independent”?
Increased spending
Expansion of health and education
Opportunities for the rural middle class
Which organisation in Africa united against SA?
Organisation of African unity (1963)
What countries created a buffer zone around SA?
Mozambique, Angola, Zimbabwe
Why was Vorster keen to work with more countries in Africa?
To prevent external ANC bases
Why did western companies invest in SA despite sharpeville?
Profit
What act allowed prisoners to be detained indefinitely?
Terrorism act
1967
