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History SA > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What did the creation of the PAC increase among Africans during the early 1960s?

A

Mobilised new support

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2
Q

Which crime was biggest in the early 1960s?

A

Pass offences

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3
Q

Which group attempted to spark mass anger in an attempt to overthrow the National Party?

A

PAC

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4
Q

What is the most famous PAC protest?

A

Sharpeville

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5
Q

What date was the sharpeville massacre?

A

21st March 1960

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6
Q

How many protestors were at Sharpeville?

A

5,000

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7
Q

What was the aim of the sharpeville protests?

A

To suspend pass laws

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8
Q

How many people did the police claim they were facing at Sharpeville?

A

20,000

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9
Q

Where had 9 policemen been killed weeks before sharpeville?

A

Cato Manor

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10
Q

How many people were killed and injured at sharpeville?

A

69 died

187 injured

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11
Q

What did the police add to victims at Sharpeville?

A

Stones and weapons

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12
Q

What did Sharpeville cause a large increase of internationally?

A

Criticism

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13
Q

Why did Sharpeville gain more attention than previous repression?

A

Photographs

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14
Q

How did the UN respond to Sharpeville and in what month?

A

Resolution condemning sharpeville and called for the reversal of Apartheid

April 1960

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15
Q

How did the ANC respond to Sharpeville?

A

Pass burning and stayaways

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16
Q

What did the government announce on the 30th March 1960?

A

State of Emergency

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17
Q

How many Africans marched on Capetown?

A

30,000

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18
Q

Why did protest fail to threaten white rule?

A

Not widespread or militant enough

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19
Q

What powers did the police gain?

A

Outlaw meetings

Arrests with no restrictions

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20
Q

What was the important response from the NP to Sharpeville?

A

Unlawful Organisation Act that banned the ANC and PAC

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21
Q

The Unlawful Organisation Act led to the ANC and PAC turning to what?

A

Violence

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22
Q

A long running aim of Afrikaans was to remove what from SA?

A

British influence

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23
Q

Why did Verwoerd feel the time was right for a referendum?

A

The NP was entrenched in power and had 55% of the whites vote

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24
Q

Why did SA have no TV until 1976?

A

Restrict international news

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25
Q

What were 2 reasons for Macmillans Wind of change speech?

A

Celebrate African self government

Gain cold war support

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26
Q

The Wind Of Change speech was before what key event in 1960?

A

Sharpeville

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27
Q

How much SA investment was British in 1956?

A

2/3

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28
Q

What was the process of African independence called?

A

Decolonisation

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29
Q

Macmillans speech reinforced what policy to Verwoerd?

A

Bantustans

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30
Q

What percentage of voters voted for a republic?

A

52%

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31
Q

Becoming republic was what to SA?

A

Symbolic

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32
Q

What year did SA leave the common wealth?

A

1961

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33
Q

Which county in the common wealth was especially critical of SA?

A

India

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34
Q

After leaving the commonwealth, SA became more what?

A

Internationally isolated

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35
Q

What was set up in London in 1960?

A

AAM (Anti Apartheid Movement)

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36
Q

Why did Britain keep strong relations with SA?

A

Economically and strategically important

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37
Q

Why did Britain and USA help SA in the 1960s?

A

So SA would stop communism in Africa

38
Q

After SA left the commonwealth, what did British companies do?

A

Huge investments in SA

39
Q

What could Western countries done to put pressure on SA?

A

Economic boycott

40
Q

In 1962, what did the UN pass and what was the problem with it?

A

Trade embargo on SA however, it was voluntary

41
Q

What year did Britain impose the arms embargo on SA?

A

1964

42
Q

When were radical groups banned?

A

April, 1960

43
Q

Examples of violence before 1960

A 
East London (1952)
Durban (1959)
Mpondoland (1960)
44
Q

What had the ANC been committed to before the unlawful organisations act?

A

Peaceful protest / civil disobedience

45
Q

What was the ANC afraid of if they turned to violence?

A

Government Repression

46
Q

Who had already discussed using violence in the 1950s?

A

Mandela

47
Q

Where had successful revolutions taken place?

A

China and Cuba

48
Q

Name 3 examples of failed peaceful protests

A

Defiance campaign, freedom charter, Womens pass law protests

49
Q

What year did the ANC officially turn to violence?

A

June 1961

50
Q

Who opposed the decision for the ANC to turn to violence?

A

Chief Luthuli (head of ANC)

51
Q

What was the militant wing of the ANC called?

A

MK

52
Q

What type of violence did the ANC use?

A

Sabotage

53
Q

What was the PAC violent wing?

A

Poqo

54
Q

What was the difference between the MK and Poqo?

A

Poqo attacked people

55
Q

Name 2 PAC attacks

A

Mbashe bridge

Paarl march

56
Q

What was the main reason for failure of violent protest?

A

Government repression and lack of support

57
Q

When was the rivonia trial?

A

1963 and 1964

58
Q

What did Mandela do in the dock during the Rivonia trial?

A

Outlined difficulties facing Africans

59
Q

What did the National Party want Nelson Mandela’s punishment to be at the rivonia trial?

A

The death penalty

60
Q

Where were the main leaders imprisoned after Rivonia?

A

Robben island

61
Q

Who went into exile to keep the ANC alive?

A

Oliver Tambo

62
Q

What was Oliver Tambos external mission?

A

To gain international support

63
Q

What did Oliver Tambos external mission achieve?

A

International legitimacy for the ANC

64
Q

Where did ANC exiles speak?

A

UN and Russia

65
Q

What was a significant problem for SA opposition?

A

Lack of leadership on the ground.

66
Q

The AAM struggled to gain significant what?

A

Support

67
Q

What 2 sporting events where SA banned from?

A

FIFA world cup (1963)

Olympics (1964)

68
Q

Which cricketer was excluded from the English cricket team due to race causing controversy?

A

Basil D Oliveira

69
Q

Who replaced Verwoerd as leader of the National Party in 1966?

A

Vorster

70
Q

Globally, what was strong until 1973?

A

Economic growth (oil crisis in 1973)

71
Q

In the 1960s, what % did the economy grow each year?

A

5%

72
Q

What hindered the SA economy?

A

Skills shortages (unskilled Africans)

73
Q

How much did African employment increase in manufacturing in the 1960s?

A

Nearly doubled

74
Q

What were jobs reserved for whites called?

A

Colour bar

75
Q

What were added in the townships in the 1960s?

A

New houses

76
Q

In the 1960s, how much did per capita income increase?

A

23%

77
Q

During the 1960s, how many people moved to cities

A

1.5 million to 6 million

78
Q

The 1960s was seen as the what of apatheid?

A

High point

79
Q

What was beginning to emerge among wealthier Africans?

A

A middle class

80
Q

The success of townships challenged what National Party belief?

A

That Africans belong in rural areas

81
Q

The social gains in african society was made in ….. of apartheid

A

in spite

82
Q

Growing African wealth helped produce what?

A

political protest & conflict

83
Q

What act attempted to turn homelands into self governing states and in what year?

A

Bantu self governing act in 1959

84
Q

Who worked with the National Party to rule Transkei?

A

Kaiser Matanzima

85
Q

What were held in homelands but ignored if wrong outcomes were produced?

A

Elections

86
Q

How did Transkei benefit from becoming “Independent”?

A

Increased spending
Expansion of health and education
Opportunities for the rural middle class

87
Q

Which organisation in Africa united against SA?

A

Organisation of African unity (1963)

88
Q

What countries created a buffer zone around SA?

A

Mozambique, Angola, Zimbabwe

89
Q

Why was Vorster keen to work with more countries in Africa?

A

To prevent external ANC bases

90
Q

Why did western companies invest in SA despite sharpeville?

A

Profit

91
Q

What act allowed prisoners to be detained indefinitely?

A

Terrorism act

1967

History SA (3 decks)

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