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History SA > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

In the 1948 election roughly what percentage of the population were whites?

A

21%

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2
Q

Name two African tribal groups

A

Zulu and Xhosa

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3
Q

What percentage of SA white population were Afrikaner?

A

60%

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4
Q

When were blacks disenfranchised (no vote)?

A

1936

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5
Q

What percentage of land did whites own?

A

80%

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6
Q

What were townships?

A

Blacks living on the outskirts of cities.

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7
Q

What event increased African urbanisation rapidly?

A

WW2

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8
Q

Which issue mainly affected Afrikaners who failed to make a living in rural areas?

A

Poor white problem

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9
Q

Why did so many Africans want to leave reserves?

A

Few job opportunities, cities had more jobs

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10
Q

Who re-created the National Party and which group of voters did he target?

A

Malan / Aafrikaners

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11
Q

What were the key factors causing the NP to win the 1948 election?

A

Election system (first past the post), Afrikaaner nationalism, Smuts and the United party being too liberal, Fear of blacks (swart gevaar)

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12
Q

Afrikaaners started to see themselves as Volk. This represented the growth of what?

A

Afrikaaner nationalism

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13
Q

What did Henry Gluckman advocate urgent expansion of & why was this a problem?

A

Health services / served black and white.

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14
Q

Whites were afraid of black danger and flooding. What was the name for this?

A

Swart Gevaar / Oorstrooming

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15
Q

Smuts was accused of being too what?

A

Liberal

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16
Q

What percent of the vote did each party get?

A

National party - 38%

United party - 49%

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17
Q

The United Party won big majorities where?

A

Urban English speaking areas.

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18
Q

What secret organisation was set up to promote Afrikaner interests?

A

Broederbond

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19
Q

What did the separate representation of voters act do in 1951?

A

Stop coloured people from voting

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20
Q

In the 1953 election the NP increased its number of voters from what to what?

A

400,000 - 600,000

NP became more entrenched

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21
Q

When was the group areas act and what did it do?

A

From 1950 - Gave the government the power to declare areas for whites only and move Africans out

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22
Q

When was the Native Abolition of Passes and what did it do?

A

1952 - forced African men in cities to carry passes.

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23
Q

How many people were convicted of pass law offences in 1962?

A

385,000

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24
Q

Despite the pass laws African urban population increases from 1.8 million in 1946 to what in 1960?

A

3.5 million

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25
Q

Name case studies of Group Area Acts in action

A

Sophiatown, Durban, District six

26
Q

How many people were removed from District six?

A

60,000

27
Q

How many Africans were literate in the 1951 census?

A

24%

28
Q

When was the Bantu Education Act and what did it do?

A

1953 - brought all African education under government control - prepared them for lives in homelands not cities

29
Q

When was the extension of university act and what did it do?

A

1959 - enabled full segregation of race in the universities

30
Q

What was the aim of the Bantu self-governing act 1959?

A

Create self-governing African units

31
Q

What did Verwoerd attempt to call all the laws regarding improving the homelands?

A

Separate development / internal decolonisation

32
Q

When was the Tomlinson Report?

A

1956

33
Q

What was Grand Apartheid?

A

Africans and whites completely separate economically and socially

34
Q

How much money did the Tomlinson report say as needed

A

£100 million

35
Q

How much of South Africa was assigned to be a homeland or bantustan?

A

13%

36
Q

Why was the Tomlinson report important?

A

Justification of grand apartheid, revealed what was required to make it work and the government were unwilling.

37
Q

Why was the National Part reluctant to invest in bantustans?

A

Black businesses may compete with whites.

38
Q

Which South African prime minister rejected the Tomlinson Report?

A

Verwoerd

39
Q

What is betterment?

A

Stop environmental degradation / forced people to move to villages.

40
Q

What are bantustans?

A

Partially self-governing government areas for Africans.

41
Q

The area of Bantustans aimed to make Africans to see themselves as what?

A

Tribal identity e.g Xhosa

42
Q

Who argued for a more confrontational approach to opposing apartheid?

A

ANC Youth League

43
Q

What motivated the ANC youth league and what ideology were they attempting to encourage?

A

African Nationalism

44
Q

Which group did the ANC ally with that the US hated?

A

Communist party

45
Q

Alan Paton a white opponent of apartheid created what party and in what year?

A

1953 - Liberal Party

46
Q

What was the biggest act of opposition by the ANC in 1952?

A

The defiance campaign

47
Q

How many people were arrested at the Defiance Campaign and where were most of the arrests made?

A

8,000

East London

48
Q

What went wrong with the Defiance Campaign?

A

Leadership lost control and it turned violent.

49
Q

What did the ANC rise from and to due to the Defiance campaign?

A

4,000 to 100,000

50
Q

In 1955 what did 20,000 women march against and what was the result?

A

Extending passes to women

Passes were still extended to women.

51
Q

What is an example of Rural resistance?

A

Sekhukhuneland

52
Q

What were rural areas protesting about?

A

Bantustans

53
Q

When was the freedom charter and what did it say?

A

1955 - The people shall govern (congress alliance)

54
Q

What kind of rule did the freedom charter say the ANC will adopt if in power?

A

Multi-racial democracy

55
Q

When was the Treason Trial and what was it?

A

1956 - 1961

156 members of the congress alliance were arrested for high treason.

56
Q

Consequences of the Treason Trials

A

Shows multi racial struggle
Put state on trial
publicity
Opposition leaders punished

57
Q

What does PAC stand for?

A

Pan-Africanist Congress

58
Q

When did the PAC break from the ANC?

A

1958

59
Q

Differences between the ANC and PAC

A

Thought non-africans had too much influence, wanted complete independence from whites,
United States of Africa more confrontational direct action

60
Q

Why did the National Part initially allow the rise of the PAC?

A

Thought their views would encourage separation

61
Q

Criteria used to judge success of the opposition

A

Mobilisation
Legislation change
International support

History SA (3 decks)

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