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Challenge and Change > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Demography

A

The study of human populations

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2
Q

Baby Boom

A

A demographic phase marked by an increase in the birth rate of a country, and a corresponding population increase

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3
Q

Echo Boom

A

The demographic phase in which a population increase is created as people born during the post-World War 2 baby boom have their own children

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4
Q

Twentysomethings

A

A term referring to the relatively small group of people born between 1966 and 1979, during the so-called baby bust

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5
Q

Baby bust

A

The period of declining birth rates between 1966 and 1979, immediately after the post WWII baby boom

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6
Q

Materialism

A

A way of life with personal or societal values preoccupied with obtaining material possession should

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7
Q

Natural increase

A

In demography, a positive population balance where a country’s birth rate exceeds its death rate

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8
Q

Natural decrease

A

Negative population balance where a nations death rate exceeds its birth rate

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9
Q

Net migration

A

In demography, the rate at which a country’s population is increasing or decreasing when four factors are considered: birth rate, death rate, immigration and emigration

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10
Q

Youthquake

A

A media term used during the late 1960s and early 1970s to describe the culture of protest which emerged among adolescent and young adult baby boomers

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11
Q

War bride

A

A term for the European wives of Canadian soldiers who came to Canada with their husbands after WWII

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12
Q

Birth rate

A

The average number of births per thousand people (both sexes, all ages) in a country during a particular year

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13
Q

Immigration

A

The migration of people from one country to another, with the intention of taking up permanent residence

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14
Q

Emigration

A

The act of leaving one’s own country to settle permanently in another, moving abroad

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15
Q

Population pyramid

A

A type of multiple bar graph used to show the proportions of males to females of different ages in the population of a country

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16
Q

Cohort

A

The term which refers to population age group, such as children less than five years old

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17
Q

Population growth rate

A

Calculated with the following formula:

Birth rate + immigration) - (death rate + emigration

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18
Q

Suburbia

A

New residential areas built beyond the existing built-up area of a city

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19
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

The average number of infants less than one year of age who die for each 1000 children born

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20
Q

Nuclear family

A

A family group consisting only of a mother and father living with their children

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21
Q

National debt

A

Money borrowed by a country to finance government spending. The debt to be repaid includes the accumulated interest on these loans

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22
Q

Authoritarian education

A

A fairly strict teacher-centered form of education, strongly focused on student mastery of traditional subject matter

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23
Q

Progressive education

A

A more child-centered form of education, based upon the assumption that students are eager to learn material presented in an interesting way

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24
Q

Developed world

A

Countries that are industrialized, modern and wealthy - specifically North America, Europe, Japan, Australia and New Zealand

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25
Q

Developing world

A

Countries that are non-industrialized and where citizens practice more traditional lifestyles

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26
Q

Fertility

A

Refers to actual reproduction. A woman is fertile if she has born or is bearing an offspring

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27
Q

Fecundity

A

Denotes the ability to reproduce. Once a girl reaches menarche, she is fecund

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28
Q

Fertility rate

A

The actual number of children had by a woman

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29
Q

Replacement level

A

Population term referring to the number of births required to maintain a stable population

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30
Q

Infertile

A

The inability to conceive a child. The term is usually applied to a couple (or individual) who has been trying to conceive for over one year without success

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31
Q

Estrogen

A

The female sex hormone

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32
Q

Proximate determinant

A

The biological and behavioral factors through which social, economic and environmental variables affect fertility

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33
Q

Prolactin

A

Pituitary hormone that regulates the production of progesterone levels

34
Q

Ovulation

A

The monthly release of an egg in a woman’s reproductive cycle

35
Q

Weaning

A

The removal of breast milk from an infant or young child’s diet

36
Q

Menarche

A

A woman’s first menstrual period

37
Q

Plagiarism

A

Claiming someone else’s work as your own, usually in written form

38
Q

Barrenness

A

The inability to have children

39
Q

Intrauterine insemination

A

Assisted reproduction technique that introduced the strongest of a man’s sperm directly into the woman’s uterus via catheter

40
Q

Superovulation

A

When a woman produced more than one egg per cycle, usually as the result of fertility drugs

41
Q

GIFT

A

Gamete intrafallopian transfer. Similar to IVF except that during GIFT sperm and eggs are mixed and injected into one or both Fallopian tubes. Once fertilized, the embryo travels to the uterus by natural process

42
Q

IVF

A

Treatment for infertility in which human eggs and sperm are donated by the potential parents and fertilized in a lab dish

43
Q

AID

A

Artificial insemination by doctor, when a woman’s egg is fertilized by the previously frozen sperm of a donor

44
Q

Surrogate

A

Literally meaning “replacement”, in this text a surrogate mother is one who lends her uterus to another couple so they can have a baby

45
Q

Voluntary childlessness

A

Couples or individuals who freely choose to remain childless

46
Q

Rates

A

A number for every 1000 people in the population

For example - Canada has a birth rate of 10.3 and death rate of 8.7

Mexico has a birth rate of 18.3 and death rate of 5.3

47
Q

How can one calculate the natural increase rate of a country? (NIR)

A

Birth rate minus death rate

48
Q

What is the demographic divide?

A

The vast difference in birth and death rates between developed countries and developing countries. Poor nations have high birth rates and low life expectancies, leading to a rapidly growing population. Wealthy countries have low birth rates and high life expectancies, leading to a rapidly aging population.

49
Q

What is the rule of 70?

A

70 divided by the population growth rate = the doubling time in years

(70 is the average life span in most countries)

50
Q

What are the 3 disturbing truths about population growth?

A

1) world population growth has been, and will continue to be, exponential
2) population growth is unevenly distributed around the world. Less developed countries have out of control growth while more developed countries like Canada or Japan have flat or declining growth rates
3) the 2.5 billion people added to the human population by 2050 will have to be fed, clothed and housed and our per capita rates of consumption are climbing rapidly (destroying the earth)

51
Q

What does per capita income mean?

A

The average income earned per person in a given area (areas total income divided by the total population)

The fertility rate of a nation can increase its population which tends to weaken its economy if it’s not a developed nation that can support a growing population

52
Q

What is the DTM?

A

The demographic transition model which demonstrates the demographic stages that all countries pass through

53
Q

What are the five stages of the DTM?

A

Stage 1: Pre-Transition
High birth rates and death rates so population remains steady

Stage 2: Early Transition
Death rates begin to fall and birth rates stay high so population starts to grow

Stage 3: Late Transition
Birth rates start to decline as well as death rates so population growth decelerates

Stage 4: Post-Transition
Low birth rates and death rates so population remains stable

Stage 5: Post-Post-Transition
Birth rates continue to drop but death rates remain stable or slightly declining so population begins to decline

54
Q

What happens to a woman’s fertility with age?

A

It declines

Women lose most or all eggs; egg quality declines which increases miscarriage and abnormalities; the uterine lining quality declines as well

55
Q

What are some risks to waiting to have children until later in life?

A

Pelvic discomfort, double vision, increased risks of ovarian cancer, internal bleeding and babies miscarried or born with birth defects

56
Q

How are fertility rates changing in the developed world?

A

They are declining drastically. Women are waiting longer to have children, having less and not having any at all due to more general freedom and rights. Sperm quality is also declining

57
Q

What are some physical and environmental factors in infertility for males and females?

A

Males: decrease in sperm quality in developed nations

Females: rapid spread of STDs that affect fertility; tendency of women to delay motherhood

58
Q

What does delayed motherhood lead to?

A

Decreased chance of pregnancy and increased risk of pregnancy complications

59
Q

How were boomers raised differently?

A

Boomers were raised using the advice of Dr. Benjamin Spock who preached letting children grow and develop at their own pace rather than bombarding them with strict rules and schedules

Some said this created a self-centered generation who don’t respect authority

60
Q

How did television affect the boomers?

A

Television programs shaped and reinforced societal gender norms that were demonstrated in the TV shows (happy suburban family)

61
Q

How did the government affect baby boomers?

A

The “baby bonus” encouraged large families who would live in suburbs

62
Q

How did the education system affect the boomers?

A

Baby boomers were not only stuffed into over crowded schools at first, but they also witnessed the switch to progressive education

63
Q

What are some good aspects of suburbia? What are some negative aspects?

A

Good: owning a suburban home was fulfilling (living the dream); people socially connected to their neighbors; houses for growing families redials available

Negative: poor planning of suburban development sometimes resulted in inadequate services (police); made owning a car a necessity

64
Q

How did boomers grow up in a “child-centered universe”?

A

Because of the pure size of the boomers, the country was forced to change for them. More schools, more housing, more hospitals. Everything changed to accommodate for their numbers.

65
Q

How will the boomers become a burden in the future?

A

As the boomers retire, they will become a burden on society. They will become a part of the dependency load, meaning that a lot of people will leave the work force and rely on the few left in the work force. The small work force cannot support and pay for all of them.

66
Q

What is the dependency load?

A

The group of people who are of non working age (under 15 or over 65) who depend on those of working age to support them

67
Q

What are some difficulties war veterans faced after returning from WWII?

A

They had to readjust to civilian life by dealing with broken relationships due to distance (either those they left behind or the war wives they brought back with them), dealing with the psychological impacts of the war and the societal impacts of the war. The government tried to help by giving them job priority and housing priority.

68
Q

Why were marriage rates higher after the war?

A

Men coming back were eager to celebrate and return to their lives

They had no trouble finding women to marry, either, as they looked gallant in their uniforms

Also marriage was simply the norm so getting married was just what you did or something was wrong with you

69
Q

How did immigration accelerate the baby boom?

A

Not only were tons of babies being born after the war but many immigrants were coming from war-torn countries and looking for safe haven in a flourishing Canada.

70
Q

What are three ways in which demography can be useful?

A

It can predict growth rates and therefor help the government plan for the future (shape immigration policies), provide useful information for the social sciences and help companies determine who uses their products

71
Q

Who are the Baby Boomers?

A

The generation of children born between 1946 and 1964

This generation values interpersonal relationships and direct communication (phone calls over texting)

They are hard workers that are dedicated to their jobs (loyal to one job usually)

They are not regarded as tech savvy

Defining events: the Cold War, the Vietnam war, the assassination of MLK Jr and JFK

72
Q

Who are the Gen Xers?

A

The generation of children born between 1965 and 1979

They faced more financial issues than boomers

They are distrustful of institutions and are extremely independent

They tended to delay marriage and children to live their own lives first

Defining events: civil rights movements, fall of the Berlin Wall, emergence of the PC

73
Q

Who are the Millennials?

A

The generation of children born between 1980 and 1996

They are ambitious, tech savvy and independent

They care more about things and are less selfish than most generations

Defining events: 9/11, 2008 market crash, columbine high school massacre

74
Q

Who are the Gen Zers?

A

They generation of children born between 1997 to present

They are the more technologically inclined, but also reliant on technology

They are also cynical as a result of the world they were raised in (they never lived in a world without climate change or police brutality or the war on terror)

Defining events: 9/11, emergence of social media, rise of school shootings, fight on climate change

75
Q

What are trends in developed nations?

A

Developed countries are facing declining populations due to low birth rates. Women have more rights and therefor don’t need to have or want to have as many children, and children are extremely expensive as of late so people in developed countries aren’t having children. This means their populations are declining and they aren’t hitting replacement rates.

76
Q

What are trends in developing nations?

A

Less developing nations are still in earlier stages of the DTM, where birth rates are high and death rates are getting lower. This means they are facing extreme overpopulation which lowers quality of life.

77
Q

What would fix the trends in both nations?

A

If developed nations accepted immigrants from poorer developing nations, both problems would be fixed.

78
Q

What are walking marriages? Why do they appeal to some Chinese?

A

Walking marriages occur when couples get married to appease their parents and society but choose to live separate lives. This appeals to some who choose not to be crowded in living with their spouses (many grew up as single children)

79
Q

What is the link between fecundity and culture in Israeli society?

A

If someone in Israel is barren, it is considered tragic and a destroying factor for many marriages as it is expected for couples to have children.

80
Q

How do cultural norms affect fertility rates in countries?

A

Nations that value certain things will replicate these values in their rates. Nations like India and Israel that value having big families and children as a part of their culture have high birth rates. Nations that value the autonomy of women will have lower birth rates.

81
Q

Why do women breast-feed less in developed nations?

A

There is a cultural stigma against public breastfeeding in developed nations and formula is simply easily accessible in such nations.

82
Q

What is an example of government policies to increase family size? How about to decrease family size?

A

Increase: the large baby bonus in place in Quebec

Decrease: China’s one child policy

Challenge and Change (3 decks)

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