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Challenge and Change > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Social change

A

Changes in the way society is organized, and the beliefs and practices of the people who live in it

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2
Q

Developed and developing countries

A

Developed countries: the roughly 30 industrialized nations of the world

Developing countries: the roughly 180 nations that have little or no industry, where most of the population depends on agriculture for their livelihood

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3
Q

Invention

A

New products, ideas and social patterns that affect the way people live

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4
Q

Discovery

A

Finding something that was previously unknown to a culture

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5
Q

Diffusion

A

The spread of ideas, methods, symbols and tools from one culture to another

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6
Q

Enculturation

A

The process by which members of a culture learn and internalize shared ideas, values and beliefs

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7
Q

Attitudes

A

What people think and believe

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8
Q

Behaviors

A

Measurable actions, thoughts or feelings displayed by humans

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9
Q

Cognitive consistency

A

The desire to avoid attitudes that conflict with each other, which generally results in the ability to live more satisfying lives

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10
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory - what is it, provide an example and how can you avoid it?

A

The theory that people try to avoid conflicts b/w what they think and what they do

For example: you smoke but you know smoking is bad for you. You are experiencing dissonance, what you do conflicts with what you think

The only way to avoid this is to change your behavior or change your attitudes.

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11
Q

Reductionist

A

Believing that a single factor causes social change

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12
Q

Determinist

A

A person who believes that a specific factor will determine the entire outcome of the social change that takes place

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13
Q

Patriarchy

A

A place historically designed for the convenience of men, and structure according to rules that men find comfortable; men dominate most institutions and use this position to oppress women

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14
Q

Norms

A

Customary types of behavior; specific rules that outline what is considered to be standard behavior for a role

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15
Q

Exogenous versus endogenous

A

Exogenous: foreign; coming from a society other than the one being studied

Endogenous: coming from within the society being studied

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16
Q

Hunter-gatherer

A

People who travel across a given territory collecting plants and hunting animals; also called foragers

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17
Q

Interaction

A

Contact with other cultures

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18
Q

Acculturation

A

Prolonged contact b/w two cultures, during which time they interchange symbols, beliefs and customs

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19
Q

Incorporation

A

Acculturation through free borrowing of ideas and symbols from one culture to another

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20
Q

Directed change

A

Acculturation through dominance of one culture over another, forcing the defeated to change aspects of its culture, or its entire culture

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21
Q

Cultural evolution

A

The belief that cultures evolve in common patterns, moving from hunter-gathering cultures to industrialized states in predictable stages

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22
Q

Ideology

A

A structured philosophy against which all actions and events are judged

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23
Q

Longitudinal studies

A

Studies in which a group of people is tracked over a long period of time, sometimes even incorporating the group’s children into the study as they come along

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24
Q

Experimental psychology

A

The branch of psychology that sets up experiments to see how individuals act in particular situations; deals with measuring and explaining human behavior

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25
Q

Clinical psychology

A

The branch of psychology that develops programs for treating individuals suffering from mental illnesses and behavioral disorders

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26
Q

Behavior modification

A

Theories of psychologists attempting to determine the methods that can successfully change or modify problem human behavior

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27
Q

Negative/positive reinforcement

A

Negative: punishment of people who do something of which society disapproves

Positive: rewarding of people who display what society considers good behavior

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28
Q

Neurosis

A

A category of mental disorder in which the patient has feelings of high levels of anxiety or tension in managing our daily lives

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29
Q

Psychosis

A

A category of mental disorder in which the patient has lost touch with the real world, and may suffer from delusions or hallucinations

30
Q

Paranoia

A

A category of mental disorder in which the patient suffers from irrational thoughts of persecution or foreboding

31
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A complex mental disorder that leads to feelings of distress and social isolation

32
Q

Anti-social personality disorder

A

Category of mental disorder, characterized by a habitual pattern of rule-breaking and harming others

33
Q

What is operant conditioning and who theorized it?

A

The psychological theory that learning can be programmed by whatever consequence follows a particular behavior (repeat rewarded behaviors, avoid punishable behaviors aka the basis of reinforcement)

B.F. Skinner invented this theory by conducting experiments on creatures like rats.

34
Q

Personal/collective unconscious

A

Personal:

Collective:

35
Q

Introverts versus extroverts

A

Introverts: a term for people who use their psychological power to look inward, becoming emotionally self-sufficient

Extroverts: a term for people who use their psychological power to draw close to other people, and rely on them for much of their sense of well being

36
Q

Self-actualization

A

Term for the final stage of human needs, in which a person integrates the self, making the personality whole

37
Q

Tension and adaptation: what is it and how is equilibrium restored?

A

The structural functionalist’s belief that social change results from a process of tension between one aspect of society and the rest

When something changes, tension arises between the change and everything else. Once it has adapted, equilibrium will be restored.

38
Q

Accumulation

A

The belief that social change results from the growth of human knowledge from generation to generation

39
Q

Diffusion of innovations

A

The sociological theory that social change is caused by the emergence of innovations in society

40
Q

Pluralistic societies

A

Societies in which minorities maintain their cultural traditions

41
Q

Capitalism

A

An economic system dependent on private investment and profit-making

42
Q

Core

A

Term for rich countries at the center of international trade

43
Q

Periphery

A

Term for poor countries, far from the center of international trade

44
Q

Semi-periphery

A

Term for medium wealth countries that are b/w the center and the edges of international trade

45
Q

Private sphere

A

The parts of our lives that are generally private

46
Q

Discourses

A

The set of topics and the way of describing them that is used by a group of people with a common interest

47
Q

Textual discourse

A

Communication through symbols such as written words, movie roles, paintings and photographs, as opposed to face-to-face communication

48
Q

What are the sources of cultural change?

A

Invention (cars, stereo, phones), discovery (aliens, civilizations) and diffusion (herbal remedies, culture)

49
Q

What are the five adaptation processes? Briefly explain them and include examples.

A

Diffusion: one culture borrows cultural symbols from another (religions spread)

Acculturation: prolonged contact b/w 2 cultures where they interchange symbols, beliefs and customs

Incorporation: acculturation through free borrowing of specific ideas or symbols from one culture to another (Chinese food, K-pop)

Directed change: acculturation through dominance of one culture over another, forcing the defeated to change its culture (residential schools)

Cultural evolution: the belief that cultures evolve in common patterns, moving in predictable stages (all societies go through a religious phase)

50
Q

Explain directed change in depth. Include examples.

A

Directed change is acculturation through dominance of one culture over another, forcing the defeated to change its culture

Residential schools for example were used as a way of Canadian culture taking over and extinguishing aboriginal culture. First Nation children were forced into schools where they were mentally and physically abused until they abandoned their culture. This had lasting effects on aboriginal culture and Canadian culture is still attempting to repair the damage caused.

51
Q

What does anthropologist Sherry Ortner day about social change? (3)

A

She believes that men and women must work together to achieve social change and rectify the social imbalance in society

It stems from social class

Change is generational

52
Q

Why do we, as humans, change our minds?

A

We attempt to achieve cognitive consistency, we are uncomfortable when two attitudes conflict and will change out attitudes to coincide with others

53
Q

What is the “Skinner box”

A

An experiment by B.F. Skinner

Rats were placed in metal cages containing levers that they learned to press for food and water.

54
Q

Explain behavior modification and the stages of change theory. What are the 6 stages of change?

A

There are many theories on how to change behavior, either to get rid of bad habits or start good habits. The stages of change model is one way that psychologists believe behavior can be modified.

  1. Pre-contemplation (they will deny or refuse they have a problem)
  2. Contemplation (they will question whether they should change)
  3. Preparation (they will investigate the effects of their problem)
  4. Action (they will commit to the process)
  5. Maintenance (they’ll find transitions to avoid their problem)
  6. Termination (the change is complete and the problem is gone)
55
Q

What did Carl Jung say we are conditioned by?

A

Personal unconscious and collective unconscious

Personal unconscious: your own understanding of the world (maybe you almost drowned when you were younger so now the sea represents danger)

Collective unconscious: the community understanding of the world (the sea symbolizes adventure and sustenance as it gives fish and allows us to travel)

56
Q

What did Abraham Maslow theorize?

A

He organized human needs into a hierarchy, anywhere from basic survival needs to need for love and esteem

When we satisfy one need in the hierarchy, we are not satisfied. We just need to satisfy the next need in the hierarchy.

The highest level is self-actualization, where a person integrates the self, making the personality whole. They dedicate themselves to serving others

57
Q

What did Marion Woodman theorize?

A

She writes that all humans have grown up in a patriarchy and men and women alike must free themselves from these holds in order to strengthen relationships and solve societal problems

58
Q

In what three categories do psychologists classify mental disorders?

A

Neuroses: high levels of anxiety or tension in managing daily life

Psychoses: lost touch with real world, experiencing delusions or hallucinations

Anti-social personality disorder: rule breaking, harming others, no empathy, lying

59
Q

What is the DSM? What is it a major change from? What are the latent and manifest functions?

A

The diagnostic statistical manual

It is used to not only explain mental disorders (what they are, demographics, prevalence, what disorders it could be mistaken for) but to list diagnostic data in order to be used as criteria for diagnosis

It is a major change over form the treatment of electrocution and waterboarding to treat people with mental disorders

Manifest: allows for easier diagnosis; gives consistent diagnostic criteria
Latent: allows criminals to convince the courts they are mentally ill for lesser sentences; allows people to practice “amateur medicine”

60
Q

What are the four patterns of behavior?

A
  1. Direction of change: positive or negative?
  2. Rate of change: slow, moderate or fast?
  3. Sources: what factors are behind the influences of change in society?
  4. Controllability: how can it be controlled? Can it be controlled?
60
Q

What are the six factors of social change?

A

Geography: Canada has lots of freshwater rivers which stimulated waterside trade

External events: urban development in Canada started after Canada participated in WW1

Human factors: Canadian economy developed immensely after WW2 cause women began participating in the work force

Cultural pluralism: Syrian refugees immigrate to Canada and maintain their traditions but accept basic Canadian values

Technology: insulin invention enabled hundreds of thousands of diabetics to work

Aboriginal communities: Canadian culture has changed due to the revival of indigenous populations

62
Q

What does Immanuel Wallerstein say about elite groups and colonization as factors of social change in concern to economy?

A

elite groups are skilled and educated people with access to development funds, and who are in a position of influence

Colonization is the establishment of control over indigenous people

Immanuel Wallerstein rejected the belief that these groups kept poor countries poor because they lacked quality and energy (lack of leadership). He also rejects colonialism as a factor that makes countries rich.

He states capitalism is the key to getting poor countries rich

63
Q

Who is Thelma McCormack?

A

A sociologist who theorized about the gender gap, where men vote conservative and women vote liberal, characteristically

64
Q

Who is W.E.B. Du Bois? What association did he help found?

A

A sociologist who studies African-Americans

Helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

65
Q

Who is Dorothy Smith?

A

A sociologist that observed the differences in the way we communicate depending on the group we are with

Studied discourses

66
Q

What is cultural diffusion?

A

Spreading of ideas, languages and customs from one culture to another

67
Q

What is culture? What are the 8 aspects of culture?

A

The way of life of a group of people who share similar beliefs and customs

  1. Social groups (space trade)
  2. Religion (missionaries bring Christianity to world)
  3. Language (French and english in Canada from Europe)
  4. History (Canada fought with Britain in WW1 and WW2 because of history)
  5. Daily life (consumption of coffee in morning is transmitted from trade routes)
  6. Art (Canada has art galleries with many different works)
  7. Government (Japanese constitution written by US after WW2)
  8. Trade (Canada traded resources with Europe)
68
Q

What are the 6 methods of diffusion?

A
  1. Wars
  2. Trades
  3. Travel and exploration
  4. Immigration
  5. Media
  6. Communication
69
Q

What are observational checklists? What three factors make for a good checklist? What are the pros and cons?

A

Presents a list of abilities or behaviors in order to collect data to prove a hypothesis

Order answers from most to least, best to worst; use standardized time frames for observation; ensure there are indentical circumstances

Pros: proves objective date

Cons: time consuming; small scale compared to surveys

70
Q

How is the legalization of cannabis debate representative of the social change indentured by anthro, psych and socio?

A

Anthro: cultural evolution? Another stage?

Psych: behavior modification where society is being modified to accept this behavior

Socio: tension and adaptation

Challenge and Change (3 decks)

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