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Challenge and Change > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a social science?

A

Those subjects that use research and analysis to explain human behavior

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2
Q

What is behavior?

A

Measurable actions, thoughts or feelings displayed by humans

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3
Q

What is a discipline?

A

An individual branch of study within the social sciences

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4
Q

What is anthropology?

A

The social science discipline that examines the development of the human species and human cultures throughout the world

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5
Q

What is culture?

A

The way of living of a group of people, including their traditions, inventions and conventions

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6
Q

What is psychology?

A

The social science discipline that examines peoples feelings, thoughts and personality development

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7
Q

What is sociology?

A

The social science discipline that looks at the development and structure of human society and how it works

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8
Q

What is the difference between the social sciences and humanities?

A

Social sciences study humans themselves whereas humanities (philosophy and art) study what humans produce

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9
Q

What is participant-observation?

A

A method of study in which anthropologists live with their subjects for a long time, participate as a group of community member and record their observations

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10
Q

What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita?

A

The total wealth produced by a country’s economy divided by total population

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11
Q

What is intuition?

A

Believing something to be true because a person’s emotions and logic support it

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12
Q

What is kinship?

A

A family relationship based on what a culture considers to be a family

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13
Q

What is patrilineal?

A

A method of tracing and organizing families through the fathers line

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14
Q

What is fictive kinship?

A

The practice of acknowledging as kin people who are not biologically related

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15
Q

What is ethnography?

A

The scientific study of human races and cultures

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16
Q

What is a school of thought?

A

A certain way of interpreting a discipline’s subject matter that has gained widespread credibility

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17
Q

What is are institutions?

A

Established laws, practices and customs within a society

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18
Q

What is binary opposite?

A

Bronislaw Malinowski’s principle that humans tend to see things in terms of two forces that are opposite to each other, such as night and day, good and evil

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19
Q

What is materialism?

A

The belief that technological and economic factors are the most important ones in mounding a society

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20
Q

What is determinism?

A

The belief that the types of technology and economic methods that are adopted always determine the type of society that develops

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21
Q

How can an anthropologist go about researching a topic? (6 steps)

A

First, identify what you hope to research and what you hope to achieve with your research.

Then plan the steps of your research and consider all moral implications, taking action to ensure the research is ethical.

Finally, carry out the research, interpret the results, and communicate the conclusions.

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22
Q

What is experimental psychology?

A

The branch of psychology that sets up experiments to see how individuals act in particular situations; deals with measuring and explaining human behavior

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23
Q

What is clinical psychology?

A

Branch of psychology that focuses on health and wellness issues

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24
Q

What are actors?

A

People who become active participants in given situations

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25
Q

What are confederates?

A

People who are members of an experimental team although not everyone in the experiment may know it

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26
Q

What is a variable?

A

A factor that has an influence on the outcome of an experiment or study

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27
Q

What is the conscious?

A

The part of our mind of which we are aware

28
Q

What is the unconscious?

A

The part of our mind of which we are not aware

29
Q

What is the id?

A

Freud’s term for the part of the unconscious mind that encourages us to seek physical satisfaction

30
Q

What is the superego?

A

The part of the unconscious mind that encourages us to do the moral thing

31
Q

What is the ego?

A

The part of the unconscious mind that referees between the id and the superego

32
Q

What does it mean to be neurotic?

A

Abnormal, usually connected with anxiety or obsessiveness

33
Q

What is the concept of stimulus and response?

A

Unconditioned stimulus, a stimulus that does not have to be taught a response, evokes unconditioned response, a natural response (when a dog smells foods (US) it salivates (UR)). Conditioned stimulus, a stimulus where the response must be learned, evokes conditioned response, a response based on previous learning (ringing a bell when revealing food to a dog (CS) to teach the dog to salivate when it hears the bell (CR) even without food being present).

34
Q

What is the difference between neurotic and psychotic disorders? 3v3

A

Neurotic disorders cause people to be tense and anxious, react with fear to non-threatening situations and have difficulty with life but are general able to manage their disorder.

Psychotic disorders cause people to lose touch with the real world, create their own perceptions of reality and experience delusions or hallucinations.

35
Q

What is an institution?

A

Organizations within a society that act to mould us into individuals

36
Q

What is status?

A

The term used to describe our position in an institution

37
Q

What is hierarchy?

A

A ranking of authority or power

38
Q

What is role?

A

A particular set of behaviors that we must follow in order to be recognized as an actor

39
Q

What is role conflict?

A

The conflict that occurs when individuals try to play two roles that are in conflict

40
Q

What are values?

A

The beliefs of a group that provide standards for member’s behavior

41
Q

What are norms?

A

Customary types of behavior; specific rules that outline what is considered to be standard behavior for a role

42
Q

What is deviance?

A

Any behavior that is different from societal norm

43
Q

What is rehabilitation?

A

The re-education and resocialization of inmates so that they grow to accept society’s values and norms

44
Q

What is retribution?

A

Forceful punishment of criminals in the belief that this will reduce the crime rate

45
Q

What does it mean to be dysfunctional?

A

Unable to perform an intended purpose and having a destructive effect

46
Q

What is capitalism?

A

An economic system dependent on private investment and profit-making

47
Q

What is the patriarchy?

A

A society historically designed for the convenience of men and structured accordingly to rules that men find comfortable ; men dominate most institutions and use this position to oppress women

48
Q

What is assimilationism?

A

The outdated view that racial and ethnic minorities would gradually be absorbed into the culture of the majority, through public institutions like schools

49
Q

What is structural functionalism?

A

A sociology school of thought that compares society to the human body: it is composed of different parts that form the whole, and the whole only works properly when each of the individual parts works properly. If one part is broken, society as a whole is broken.

Focuses on the needs of its members and parts of society and how to meet them, how to find stability

Doesn’t focus on conflict as it believes humans exist naturally in equilibrium and not conflict

50
Q

What is structuralism?

A

An anthropology school of thought that believes the human mind functions on the idea of binary opposites (always 2 forces that oppose each other) and reflects this in society (insiders vs outsiders, sex-specific clothing)

Cultures develop complex rules that are logical structures based on binary opposites

The job of anthropologists is to seek out and explain these rules

51
Q

What is the psychoanalytical theory?

A

A psychology school of thought the sees the mind as being made of the conscious and unconscious parts, the unconscious mind being responsible for personality and behavior

It also states that childhood experiences involving relationships are stored in the unconscious mind and impact us in adult life

Treating the unconscious mind using dream analysis and hypnosis can relieve mental illness

52
Q

What is the feminist theory?

A

This sociology school of thought focuses on sex and gender issues, and how women are traditionally disadvantaged in society

Society is sexist but men in charge refuse to admit it

53
Q

What were the three experiments in The Experimenter?

A

Conformity: the teacher shocks the learner with worsening pain levels for wrong answers to questions. The learner is faking pain and not being harmed but seeing how far the teacher will go to obey the commands of the doctor conducting the experiment

Lines: four lines are shown to 6 people, 5 of which are actors. They are asked which lines are the same and whether the answer is right or not, the sixth person always answers the same as the first five to conform

Lost Letter: sealed letters are distributed in neighborhoods addressed to different people, such as nazi groups and communists, to determine the bias that exists in different areas

54
Q

What is bias?

A

Prejudice in favor or against something, usually in an unfair way

55
Q

What does it mean for an experiment to be valid?

A

Idk

56
Q

What does it mean for an experiment to be reliable?

A

If this experiment is done again and again, the same results will be yielded, therefor the experiment and its findings are reliable

57
Q

What is a control group?

A

Idk

58
Q

What are the dependent and independent variables?

A

The independent variable is the aspects of the experiment that are controlled by those conducting it

The dependent variable is the aspect of the experiment that is being tested and measured

59
Q

What is an intervening variable?

A

A variable that impacts the relationship between the independent and dependent variable, something that could mess up the results of the experiment

60
Q

What is a research question?

A

The objective of the experiment, what the experiment is aiming to answer

61
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A proposed explanation or answer to the research question that can be tested and proved (or disproved)

62
Q

What is informed consent?

A

The permission given by someone in an experiment to the experimenters, allowing themselves to be used in the experiment. This means they are aware of what they are participating in.

63
Q

What is quantitative and qualitative data?

A

Quantitative data is data that measures values and numbers, like percents and odds.

Qualitative data is data that describes actions, responses and characteristics. It is observed and recorded.

64
Q

What are the pros and cons of surveys?

A

Pros: low cost, respondent privacy and conserves time in collection

Cons: a lot of up-front time to create survey, non-return or essays and validity and misinterpretation

65
Q

What are the three parts of a survey?

A

Cover letter: describes purpose of the survey and inspires honest answers

Instructions: details how to complete essay and answers any possible questions

Questions: several types - classifier (obtains demographic info ie. sex, age), multiple choice (determines feelings or opinions; for quantitative analysis), intensity questions (used to measure the intensity of feelings) and free response (paragraph response in own words for qualitative analysis)

66
Q

What are the eight keys to making a survey work well?

A

1) simple language
2) short questions
3) not a lot of questions
4) each question only has one idea
5) no leading questions
6) no subjective terms
7) understand should-would question
8) pre-Test the survey

67
Q

What are the four ways to combat bias?

A

1) try to give the survey to people you don’t know and don’t interact with daily
2) don’t ask leading questions because that’s your opinion, not theirs
3) pre-Test the survey so the questions aren’t misinterpreted
4) make interesting questions to get truthful answers

Challenge and Change (3 decks)

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