Unit 3

Question 1

Are animals more closely related to plants or fungi?

Answer 1

Fungi

Question 2

Characteristic traits of animals + which are the synapomorphies?

Answer 2

• multicellular
• heterotrophs (ingest their food)
• move under their own power at some point in their life
• no cell walls
• muscle tissue that contracts*
• nervous tissue*
• NO alternation of generations
• adults diploid; only gametes haploid

Question 3

Diploblasts + name of name of 2 embryonic germ layers

Answer 3

Animals who’s embryos have 2 different layers of embryonic tissue

• Ectoderm
• Endoderm

Question 4

Triploblasts + names of the 3 embryonic tissue layers

Answer 4

Animals who’s embryos have 3 different types of tissues:

• Ectoderm—coveting of animal and nervous system
• Mesoderm—Circulatory system, muscle, bone, most organs
• Endoderm—Lining of the digestive tract and the organs associated with it

Question 5

Example of asymmetry

Answer 5

Sponges

Question 6

Radial Symmetry + example

Answer 6

• At messy 2 planes of symmetry
• Have a nerve net
• Ex—Cnidarians

Question 7

Bilateral symmetry + example

Answer 7

• 1 plane of symmetry
• Cephalozation
• Ex—Humans

Question 8

Do diploblasts have a coelom

Answer 8

No

Question 9

Acoelemate + example

Answer 9

• Lacks a coelom

- Ex—planarians

Question 10

Blastocoelemate + examples

Answer 10

• Body cavity located between 2 embryonic tissue layers

- Ex—Roundworm

Question 11

Coelomate + examples

Answer 11

• Body cavity located within the mesoderm
• Have ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
• Ex—Fish

Question 12

Hydrostatic skeleton: what is it and how is it important to movement?

Answer 12

• It just refers to having a fluid-filled body cavity, which allows the animal to maintain a shape, rather than it being a skeleton
• Allows limbless animals to move

Question 13

Tube within a tube + examples

Answer 13

• 99% of animal species
• Outer tube forms the body wall, and the inner tube forms a gut
• Ex—Earthworm

Question 14

Protostomes vs. deuterostomes

Answer 14

• Protostomes—MOUTH develops at or near the blastospore, and the anus at the opposite end.
• Deuterostomes—ANUS develops at or near be blastospore, and the mouth at the opposite end. Fewer phyla are part of this group.

Question 15

What is the sister taxon to the animal kingdom?

Answer 15

Choanoflagellates

Question 16

Choanoflagellates

Answer 16

• Aka collar cells
• Single flagellum
• Single-celled creatures
• Live on the ocean floor
• When they move their flagellum, they capture food in their collar and absorb particles

Question 17

What is the name of the sponge cell that choanoflagellates resemble?

Answer 17

Choanocytes/sponge feeding cell

Question 18

What are the 4 most basal (earliest) branch of the animal phylogeny in order from oldest to newest?

Answer 18

• Porifera (sponges)
• Cnidaria (jellyfish and others)
• Ctenophora (comb jellies)
• Acoelomorpha (acoelomorphs)

Question 19

Types of sponge feeding

Answer 19

—

Question 20

What are sponge spicules?

Answer 20

• Structural support and defense

- Provide a rigid skeleton for the sponge body