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Biology 181 > Unit 2 - Plants (Edited) > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Plants (Edited) Flashcards

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1
Q

Plant kingdom name

A

Plantae

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2
Q

Charophycean Algae

A
  • Closest cousins of Land plants
  • Aquatic (shallow waters near land)
  • Multicellular
  • Only the haploid (1N) stage is multicellular
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3
Q

How long ago did plants first colonize land?

A

475 million years ago

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4
Q

Plant groups that are non-vascular

A

-Bryophytes (liverworts/marchantiophyta, hornworts/anthocerophyta, and mosses/bryophyta)

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5
Q

Seed-Free vascular plants

A
  • Lycophytes

- Ferns

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6
Q

Features in common between green algae and land plants

A
  • Photosynthetic
  • Carbohydrate storage (starch)
  • Cellulose cell walls
  • Similar sperm
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7
Q

Alternation of Generations

A

The life cycle of a plant goes back and forth between the sporophyte (diploid) and the gametophyte (haploid) generations

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8
Q

Bryophytes

A
  • Non-vascular tissue
  • Poikilohydric (having no mechanism to prevent desiccation)
  • Rhizoids (instead of roots)
  • Phalloids (instead of leaves)
  • Thin cuticle
  • Biflagellate sperm (requires water to move)
  • Gametophyte-dominant life cycle
  • Produces spores
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9
Q

What is he name of the kingdom that plants are in?

A

Plantae

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10
Q

What period did the first land plants appear in?

A

Ordivician period

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11
Q

Advantages of algae leaving water and going to land

A

Advantages

  • No animals, so no predators
  • More sunlight on land
  • Less competition with other plants
  • more CO2 on land than in water, which aids in photosynthesis
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12
Q

Disadvantages of algae leaving water and going to land

A
  • Dryer, which makes it harder to avoid desiccation
  • UV rays
  • Need structural support to stay upright
  • Hard to move gametes without water
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13
Q

What is the dominant generation of life cycle in bryophytes?

A

Gametophyte-dominant life cycle

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14
Q

Gemmae

A

Gemmae cups break off of the plant and reproduce asexually

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15
Q

Lycophytes

A

“Seed-free vascular plants”

  • Vascular tissue
  • Roots
  • Microphylls
  • Thicker cuticle
  • Flagellate sperm
  • Sporophyte-dominant life cycle
  • Produce spores (some are heterosporous, which means that they have different spores)
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16
Q

Ferns

A
  • Vascular tissue
  • Roots
  • Megaphylls (“true leaves”)
  • Thicker cuticle
  • Flagellate sperm
  • Sporophyte-dominant life cycle
  • Produce spores (some are heterosporous)
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17
Q

Dominant generation in the fern life cycle

A

Sporophyte-dominant life cycle

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18
Q

2 types of vascular tissue and their functions

A
  • Xylem - Carries water and minerals from the roots to the leaves
  • Phloem - Carries sugar + other nutrients that the plant manufactured from the leaves to the rest of the plant
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19
Q

“Gymnosperm is Latin for what? What does it translate to?

A

“Naked seed”

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20
Q

What feature of gymnosperms is not possessed by mosses or ferns?

A

Seeds

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21
Q

What is the advantage of using pollen?

A

The plants don’t need water to carry out fertilization

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22
Q

Where, on what structures, is the is the male and female gametophyte of gymnosperms located?

A 
Female = egg sac
Male = pollen grain
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23
Q

“Angiosperm” is Latin for what?

A

“Encased seed”

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24
Q

Name of the angiosperm phylum

A

Anthophyta

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25
Q

Angiosperms

A
  • Vascular tissue
  • Roots
  • Pollen with sperm cells
  • Sporophyte-dominant life cycle
  • Produce seeds (in vessel)
  • Megaphylls
  • Flowers
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26
Q

Name of angiosperm phylum

A

Anthophyta

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27
Q

2 features in angiosperms not possessed by gymnosperms

A
  • Produce seeds in the vessel

- Flowers

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28
Q

What is the male gametophyte in the angiosperm? What is the female gametophyte?

A
  • Male: Stamen

- Female: Pistil

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29
Q

What plant generation is dominant in gymnosperms and angiosperms?

A

Sporophyte

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30
Q

What features distinguish monocots an eudocots?

A

Eudicots: two cotyledons, tricolpate pollen, flower parts in multiples of 4-5, branching leaf ventilation

Monocots: one cotyledon, monosulcate pollen, flower parts in multiples of 3, parallel leaf ventilation

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31
Q

Tricolpate vs, monosulcate pollen

A

Tricolpate: pollen has 3 ridges in it

Monosulcate: pollen has 1 ridge in it

32
Q

What process happens to make sporophytes?

A

Meiosis

33
Q

What process happens to make gametophytes

A

Mitosis

34
Q

Sporophyte-dominant generation cells are…

A

Diploid

35
Q

Gametophyte-dominant generation cells are…

A

Haploid

36
Q

Stamen

A
  • Male part of the flower
  • Site of microsporogenesis

Consists of:

  • Anther: Produces pollen
  • Filament: The stalk that holds up the anther
37
Q

Carpel/Pistil

A
  • Female part
  • Site of megasporogenesis

Consists of:

  • Stigma: Receives pollen
  • Style: Connects the stigma to the ovary
  • Ovary: Contains ovules
38
Q

Sepal

A
  • A whole set of sepals makes a calyx
  • Protects the internal organs of the flower
  • When it’s green, it aids in photosynthesis and when it’s the same color as the flower, it helps attract pollinators
39
Q

Receptacle

A

The thickened part of the stem that the flower organs grow on

40
Q

Homosporous vs Heterosporous

A

Homosporous:
Sporangium—>Spores—>Gametophyte

Heterosporous: Producing two different kinds of spores
Microsporangia—>Microspores—>Male gametophyte—>Sperm
Megasporangia—>Megaspores—>Female gametophyte—>Eggs

41
Q

Pollination

A

The transfer of pollen grains from an anther to the receptive stigma of a pistil

42
Q

Locations of male and female gametophyte

A

Male - pollen grain

Female - Egg sac

43
Q

Fertilization

A

The fusion of two gametophyte nuclei to form a diploid zygote

44
Q

Where does pollen tube growth occur?

A

The style

45
Q

Name of green algae phylum that is closest relative/sister taxon to kingdom plantae

A

Charophycean algae

46
Q

What process produces gametes? What process produces spores?

A

Mitosis produces gametes

Meiosis produces spores

47
Q

Examples of gymnosperms

A

Cyads
Ginkgoes
Gnetophytes

48
Q

Types of pollination

A

Wind, water, and animals

49
Q

Wind pollination

A

Plants release many grains of pollen to increase the probability of pollination that are then transported by wind

50
Q

Water pollination

A

Rare mechanism of pollination, but it does happen in some groups.

51
Q

Animal pollination

Animal/pollinator gets _____ + ______ + _____ while plant gets _____

A

Animal/pollinator gets nectar, pollen, and can be warmed up by the pollen

Plant gets to reproduce by having its pollen grains moved around

52
Q

Example of animal pollinators

A

Bees

53
Q

Bad smelling flowers

A

Some flowers recreate bad smells (like rotting flesh) to trick flies into pollinating them

54
Q

White Flowers/Bats

A
  • White flowers attract bats who pollinate the flowers because they’re easier to see at night.
  • Bats use sonar to pollinate the flower
55
Q

Crab Spiders

A

Some crab spiders camouflage onto flowers and and pray on pollinators when they land on flowers.

56
Q

Double-Fertilization

A
  • 1 sperm cell fertilizes and egg cell

- The second sperm cell fuses with 2 polar nuclei —> produces a triploid (3n) body that gives rise tot the endosperm

57
Q

3 components of a seed

A
  • Embryo
  • Protective seed coat
  • Endosperm (a supply of food for the embryo)
58
Q

What to groups both have seeds?

A

Gymnosperms and angiosperms

59
Q

Cotyledon

A

An embryonic leaf

60
Q

What is the function of a fruit

A
  • Protect seeds

- Aid in dispersal

61
Q

Where does the pericarp/fruit tissue develop from

A

The ovary wall

62
Q

Simple, Aggregate, and Multiple Fruits

A

Simple—Develops from 1 flower with 1 carpel or fused carpels
Ex: Peach

Aggregate—Develops from 1 flower with many separate carpels
Ex: Blackberries

Multiple—Develops from many flowers with many carpels
Ex: Pineapple

63
Q

Rhizome

A
  • An underground stem
  • Plants can wine rhizomes out from the first plant and another plant can grow out from that rhizome. You could cut that rhizome in half and the plants would continue to grow separately
64
Q

Stolon

A

Same thing as rhizome, except it’s above ground

65
Q

Corm

A
  • Swollen portions of underground plant stems.
  • New corms form off of parent corms.
  • You could detach a smaller corm and treat it like a seed, but it’s not a seed since it reproduces asexually.
66
Q

Plantlet/Fragmentation

A
  • Little leaf structures (plantlets) that detach and grow into other plants.
  • It’s reproduction through fragmentation with the usage of platelets
67
Q

Budding

Provide an example

A

Offspring grows off of the parent, splits off, and becomes a parent themselves
Ex: Jellyfish

68
Q

Fission

Provide am example

A

Single Cell Level—Splitting itself in half
Ex: Paramecium

Whole Organism—Whole organism divides itself in half
Ex: Anemone

69
Q

Fragmentation + Regeneration

Provide an example

A

-An intact adult breaks into fragments
-Followed by regeneration
Ex—Sponges

70
Q

Parthenogenesis

Provide an example

A 
-Offspring develop
From an underutilized egg
-Means “virgin birth”
-Some species are made up of only females and only reproduce via parthenogenesis or via sexual reproduction
-Ex—Lizards
71
Q

Spermatogenesis

A
  • Occurs in the testes
  • Spermatocyte—The cell that undergoes meiosis to make haploid sperm cells.
  • Occurs in entire adult life of males in any species
  • Starts with a diploid spermatocyte, and you end up with 4 haploid cells
  • Way more sperm cells than egg cells
72
Q

Oogenesis

A
  • Occurs in the ovary
  • The production of eggs
  • Oocyte—Where eggs are produced
  • Creates 4 haploid products, but only 1 will become a mature egg cell.
  • Starts and ends earlier than spermatogenesis
  • Eggs cells are much bigger than sperm cells
73
Q

Jellyfish Life Cycle

A

They reproduce asexually through a process called repeated transverse fission (fragmentation)

74
Q

Factors involved in switching between sexual and asexual reproduction

A

Daphnia

  • Use parthenogenesis, but can also sexually reproduce
  • When winter comes, they start to carry out parthenogenesis. They also start to produce more males—>In Oneonta
  • Reproducing sexually affords then genetic diversity
75
Q

Slipper limpet - sex change

A
  • Females are the largest and on the bottom
  • Once they die, the next male becomes female
  • The biggest individual is female because they have more resources to dedicate to taking care of their offspring

Biology 181 (3 decks)

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