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Biology 181 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How do we organize biological diversity?

A

Taxonomy

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2
Q

Taxonomy

A

The naming and classifying of organisms.

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3
Q

Contributions of Carolus Linnaeus

A

Taxonomic Levels - a 2-word approach to the naming of an organism (genus, species)

Binomial Nomenclature - Domain, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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4
Q

3 domains of life that all living organisms are classified under

A

Bacteria, arhcaea, and eukarya.

*Archaea and eukarya are more closely related

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5
Q

Phylogeny

A

The hypothetical relational history between a group of organisms and how they are related.

It’s hypothetical because you can never be totally sure.

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6
Q

Phylogenetic Tree

A

A diagram that depicts all phylogenetic relationships.

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7
Q

Systematics

A

The study of organismal relationships and how they are related.

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8
Q

The Tree of Life vs. the Contemporary Tree of life

A

A drawing that shows all of the major groups of organisms or all organisms.

vs.

A hypothesis based on DNA sequence data. It’s MUCH bigger.

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9
Q

Extant

A

The opposite of extinct

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10
Q

Line of Descent

A

A path that connects an organism with it’s ancestors.

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11
Q

Sister Taxa

A

Closest living relative

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12
Q

Nodes

A

The place on a phylogenic tree where a species splits in two.

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13
Q

*Monophyletic Group

A
  • A group of species that includes a common ancestor and all of it’s descendants.
  • Aka clade or lineage
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14
Q

Paraphyletic Group

A

A group that includes an ancestor, but not all of it’s descendants.

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15
Q

Synapomorphy

A

Shared traits that all members of a monophyletic group have.

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16
Q

Parsimony

A

A philosophy that states that the most simple explanation is probably the most likely one.

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17
Q

Homology

A

Features that organisms share because they were inherited from a common ancestor

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18
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Two organisms develop a similar morphology in order to prosper in a specific environment.

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19
Q

Morphology

A

The study of the forms of things

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20
Q

Humans test on mice because ______

A

Many of our features are homologous

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21
Q

How are phylogenetic trees typically made?

A
  • The idea that the closest relatives should have the most traits in common is kept in mind.
  • Phylogenetic analyses (the construction of these trees) are typically done by computers since they are so complex.
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22
Q

Homoplasy

A

When organisms share trait(s) for reasons other than having a common ancestor.

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23
Q

*What can phylogenetic trees be used for?

A
  • Provide evolutionary hypotheses

- Medicine (ex - determining which strains of a sickness are the most dangerous)

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24
Q

3 categories of prokaryotic cells

A

Cocci - spherical
Bacilli - rod-shaped
Spirilli - spiral-shaped

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25
Q

Eukaryotes _____, while prokaryotes ____.

A

Have a nucleus; don’t

26
Q

Pilli

A

Responsible for cell attatching

27
Q

Differences between bacteria and archaea

A
  • Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls

- Different molecular structure

28
Q

Phylotype

A

Synonym for species

29
Q

Provide the name of a bacteria with a positive effect and explain

A

Streptomyces - Many antibiotics are derived from this bacteria

30
Q

Provide the name of a bacteria with a negative effect and explain

A

Bacillus anthracis - causes anthrax

31
Q

Biofilms

A

Communities of microbes (can be bacteria or archaea) stacked up together in apartments made of their own secretions.

32
Q

The human microbiome

A

The collection of all of the microbes that live in the human body

33
Q

Microbes

A

Since-celled organisms/prokaryotes

34
Q

Significance of prokaryotes

A
  • Bacterial disease.
  • Move carbon through the biosphere.
  • Part of the fermentation process that makes beer and wine.
  • Play a key role in the nitrogen cycle.
35
Q

But what about viruses?

A
  • Not considered living organisms
  • Do not metabolize or grow
  • Mosaics of nucleic acids
  • Need to infect a host cell to replicate
36
Q

*What supergroup do humans belong to?

A

Opistokonta

37
Q

Tell me about the earlier eukaryotes.

A
  • Theorized to be single-celled with no cell wall.
  • They probably used a flagellum to swim.
  • Nucleus, endomembrane system, mitochondria, and cytoskeleton.
38
Q

Name two structures that eukaryotes have while prokaryotes don’t.

A

Nucleus and endomembrane system.

39
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Provides structural support

40
Q

Origin of the nuclear envelope theory

A
  • Pieces of the plasma (outer) membrane broke off and formed a bag that protected the nucleus.
  • So… the nuclear membrane originates from the cell membrane.
41
Q

The Endosymbiotic Theory

A
  • Theory that described what we predict to be the origin of the mitochondria/chloroplast.
  • The cells acquired mitochondria/chloroplast from a free-wandering bacterial source.
  • Once the cell engulfed the bacterium, it began to live within the cell. Over time, both species evolved to have a symbiotic relationship.
42
Q

Protists are __phyletic, which means that ________.

A

Paraphyletic; there’s a common ancestor in one but not all of it’s descendants.

43
Q

Protists

A
  • A eukaryote that isn’t an animal, plant, or fungi.
  • Live in wet area (ex: aquatic habitats, wet soil, bodies of other organisms) so that they don’t dry out and die.
  • Can be unicellular or multicellular
44
Q

A protist’s skeleton

A

-Provides structure and protection.
-Take energy from the environment around them.
Ex: Glassy cell wall made of silicon dioxide.

45
Q

DNA Sequencing

A

the process of determining the order of nucleotides in DNA

46
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Regulates the movement of substances in and out of a cell

47
Q

Cell Wall

A

Gives plant cells strength and structure

48
Q

Gram-positive bacteria/Gram-negative bacteria

A

thick cell wall and thick peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall/thin for both

49
Q

Have you watched the lecture 3 videos?

A

DO IT! Also you are loved and you are doing great.
PS - Mateo and everyone else who has ever tried to fuck with you can go suck a dick because you are weightless and limitless and home to a boundless potential beyond most people in this world. You’re going to use it to do good one day. Right now, you have to use that potential to do well on this exam, but no matter what grade you get, know that you are loved.

50
Q

Amoeba + how do they move?

A
  • Large one-celled organisms that are always changing shape
  • Common pond organism that feeds through phagocytosis
  • Have food vacuoles and water vacuoles + nuclei
  • Form pseudopods (“false feet”) in order to move
51
Q

Ingestive Feeding

A

Pseudopodia engulf food

52
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles

53
Q

Filter Feeding

A

A type of ingestion in which a filter is used to catch organisms.
*Cilia are used in this process

54
Q

Absorptive Feeding

A

Taking in nutrients from the environment directly

55
Q

Transverse Fission

A

A form of binary fission (the primary form of reproduction for asexual organisms)

56
Q

Alternation of Generations

A
  • Complex life cycles with different stages.
  • Different stages have different ploidy levels (haploid/diploid)
  • We see both sexual and asexual reproduction in these stages.
57
Q

2 examples of protists

A

Euglena

  • Some are photosynthetic
  • Single flagellum
  • Common in freshwater and marine habitats
  • Common lab examples

The potato famine protist

58
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms gain a fitness benefit from an interaction with one another

59
Q

Bioluminescent

A
  • The production and emission of light by a living organism

- Occurs widely in marine life

60
Q

Toxic Protists

A
  • Protists wreak havoc in our beaches.

- When photosynthetic explosions of algae occur, toxins can be spread into food and make us sick.

61
Q

Fungi

A
  • Eurkaryotic (have a cell nuclei)
  • Heterotrophic (derive food from an outside source)
  • Most art multicellular
  • Absorb their food
62
Q

Saprotrophic Feeding

A

-Absorb the nutrients from things that are already dead and in the process of decomposition - “digestion before ingestion”

Biology 181 (3 decks)

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