Unit 3 Flashcards
Respiration
1) Breathing- Air enters and leaves lungs
2) External respiration- Exchange of gasses between air and blood (diffusion)
3) Internal respiration- Exchange of gasses between the blood and tissue fluids
4) Cellular respiration- Production of energy in the blood cells
Trachea
Cartilage rings hold it open, nasal cavities are lined with cilia that sweep particles to the back of throat, trachea is lined with cilia that sweep particles upwards
Epiglottis
Flap that covers the opening of the trachea when food is being swallowed, reflex action
Larynx
Voice box, located at upper end of trachea, contains vocal cords which vibrate, different sounds are produced depending on the tension
Bronchi
Cartilage rings that branch off trachea and carry into lungs
Bronchioles
Branch off bronchi, smooth muscle tissue
Alveolus
Gas diffuses (high concentration to low concentration) between air and blood. Surrounded by capillaries. Measure between 0.1 and 0.2 micrometers
Gas exchange
Oxygen generally moves from air into the lungs unto the alveolus and into the capillaries. CO2 moves from the blood into the alveoli and then into the lung air
Pleural membrane
Surrounds outer surface of the lungs. Fills with fluid to reduce friction
Pleurisy
Inflammation of the pleural membrane and build up of fluids in the chest cavity
Breathing movements
Diaphragm contracts and pulls down, the pressure in the lungs decreasing and the chest volume increases. when pressure is high in lungs, air enters
Internal intercostal muscles
Not used for normal breathing. Pull rib cage down during normal exhalation
External intercostal muscles
Found between the ribs, when contracted they pull rib cage upwards and outwards which increases the volume of the chest cavity
Dalton’s law of partial pressures
1) Each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure and partial pressure
2) The total pressure in a mixture of non reactive gasses is equal to the sum of the partial pressures in the individual gasses
3) Gasses diffuse from an area of high partial pressures to an area of lower partial pressures
Air
78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% other
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
Energy equation
glucose+ O2 = ATP energy + CO2 + H2O
Metabolize
All collective chemical reactions organisms preform to function
Vital capacity/ total lung capacity/ tidal volume
The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled
Residual volume
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation
Expiratory reverse volume
Volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal inhalation
Inspiratory reverse volume
The volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal exhalation
Pneumothorax
Collapsed lung caused by air between pleural membranes
Vessels and blood function
Transports nutrients, waste, respiratory gasses, communication hormones, temp. regulation, immunity
Circulatory system components
1) Blood- Fluid in which materials are dissolved
2) Blood vessels: Network of tubes or body spaces
3) Heart: Force for moving liquids
Internal transport
1) To deliver oxygen and nutrients to every call or the organism
2) To remove waste products of the cellular process
3) To serve as the pathway for chemical messenger (hormones, immunity)
Our blood
Connective tissue
55% plasma: yellow fluid
45% formed elements (cells and fragments)
Hematocrit
% of red blood cells
Body contains _____ of blood
4-6 L
Types of internal transport
1) Simple: Diffusion of nutrients across cell membrane, followed by a direct exchange of materials and cells through fluids
2) Open transport sustem: Only one blood vessel where fluid sloshes around the entire body cavity
3) Simple closed transport system: Blood pumps through closed vessels
4) Complex closed transport system: Chambered hearts
Plasma
90% water, dissolves CO2, HCO3, nutrients, waste, salt ions, plasma proteins. hormones
X
Refers to the systolic pressure, the contraction period of the heart. When blood if forced from the heart into the circulating system
Y
Diastolic pressure, resting period. When the heard expands and receives another supply of blood
Hemolymph
A mixture of blood and tissue fluid that is the circulating fluid in an open circulator system
Atrium
Chamber of the heart that receives blood from the body
Ventricle
A chamber of heart that pumps blood to the body
Septum
A wall of tissues that divides a body cavity or structure into smaller parts
Pulmonary circuit
The part of the circulatory system that delivers blood to the lungs
Systematic circuit
The part of there circulatory system that delivers blood around the body
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells. Only live 120 days. Shape maximizes surface area, no nucleus in mature cells. Transports 02 using hemoglobin
Leukocytes
White blood cells, 1 in every 700 rbcs. Formed from stem cells in the bone marrow. Mature cells possess one or more nuclei. Immune system
Thrombocytes
Platelets. Required for clotting, live about 10 days.
Blood vessels
1) Arteries lead away from the heart. Thick walled, muscular, elastic, smaller branches called arterioles lead away from the heart
2) Veins lead towards the heart. Thin walled and less muscular. Posses one way valves and smaller branches called venues
3) Capillaries connect arteriole system to venous system
Lymphatic system
Part of circulatory system ensures blood volume is maintained. Part of immune system, filters out bacteria from the blood
Lymph
Tissue fluid collected in lymph vessels and returned to the blood
Lymphnode
An enlargement in the lymph vessels that act as a filter to remove bacteria
Spleen
Acts as a filter and receiver of erythrocytes and lymphocytes
Stages of digestion
1) Ingestion: Taking in of nutrients. Food must be in water for us to taste it
2) Digestion: The breakdown of molecules into smaller components
3) Absorption: Transpot of digestive nutrients to the tissues
4) Egestion: Removal of waste materials from the body
Esophagus
Smooth muscle, waves of contraction called peristalsis which moves fool along
Stomach
Stores food and digests protein. PH of 3. Made up of 3 sphincters
Cardiac sphincter
Located at opening of stomach
Pyloric sphincter
Located at exit of stomach
Stomach lining
Lining has judges so it can expand, lining cells secrete secrete: mucus (provides a protective coating) HCL (kills harmful substances) and pepsin (protein digestive enzyme)
Small intestine
Duodenum (where most absorption happens) ilium and jejunum. Lining has circular folds (villi) triple surface area, covered in epithelia cells which multiply the surface area X10
Enzymes
Help us break down food. Work best at 37C and certain PH depending on enzyme
Hemoglobin
Greatly increases oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
Carbon dioxide transport
9% in plasma
27% combines with hemoglobin
64% combines with H2O to from H2CO3
Path of blood
Superior/ inferior vena cava Right atrium Tricusp valve Right ventricle Semi- lunar valve Pulmonary artery Pulmonary veins Left atrium Mitral valve Left ventricle Semilunar valve Aorta Body
