Unit 2

Question 1

Gregor Mendel

Answer 1

Australian monk who worked with pea plants and was the founder of mendelian genetics

Question 2

Heredity

Answer 2

Passing off of traits from parents to offspring

Question 3

Genes

Answer 3

Factors that control traits, they are on chromosomes and contain DNA

Question 4

Alleles

Answer 4

Alternate forms of genes

Question 5

Principle of dominance

Answer 5

If the dominant and recessive gene are there, the dominant gene will always be shown

Question 6

Law of segregation

Answer 6

Offspring inherit traits from both parents

Question 7

Genotype

Answer 7

Combination of alleles, represented by letters (homozygous, heterozygous dominant or heterozygous recessive)

Question 8

Phenotype

Answer 8

What a trait looks like when expressed

Question 9

Test cross

Answer 9

Used to see if an organism is homozygous dominant or heterozygous. Involves crossing an unknown genotype with homozygous recessive, will determine unknown allele.

Question 10

Incomplete dominance

Answer 10

A blending of traits, represented with R and R’

Question 11

Co dominance

Answer 11

Both traits are expressed, with have one letter with two superscripts

Question 12

Multiple alleles

Answer 12

When a gene has more then one possible alleles for a given trait

Question 13

Sex linked inheritance

Answer 13

T.H. Morgan used fruit flies

Question 14

Pedigrees

Answer 14

Charts that track inheritance of a certain trait alone members of a family, birth order goes from left to right

Question 15

Affected male

Answer 15

Filled in rectangle

Question 16

Not affected male

Answer 16

Not filled in rectangle

Question 17

Affected female

Answer 17

Filled in circle

Question 18

Not affected female

Answer 18

Not filled in circle

Question 19

Mitosis

Answer 19

The process by which nuclear material is asexually divided in somatic cells (body cells). Parent cells and daughter cells all have 46 chromosomes which is the diploid number (full number)

Question 20

Interphase

Answer 20

Cell grows and prepares for cell division by duplication DNA

Question 21

Prophase

Answer 21

Doubles chromatin strands shorter and thicken to form chromosomes, nuclear membrane and nuclei disappear, centrioles split, one travels to each pole of the cell. Spindle fibres attach to centromere of each chromosome

Question 22

Metaphase

Answer 22

Spindle fibers pull chromosomes into a line across the middle of the cell

Question 23

Anaphase

Answer 23

Spindle fibers contract and shorten, pulling centromere apart. Each single stranded chromosome moves to an opposite pole of the cell

Question 24

Telophase

Answer 24

Spindle fibers disappear, nucleolus appears in each new nucleus. Single stranded chromosomes start to uncoil to form chromatic. Cytokinesis occurs

Question 25

Cytokinesis

Answer 25

Seperation of the cytoplasm and it's contents into equal parts

Question 26

Cytokinesis in animal cells

Answer 26

Cell membrane pinches in from edges and forms a cleavage furrow

Question 27

Cytokinesis in plant cells

Answer 27

Cell wall forms between two cells forming a cell plate

Question 28

Meiosis

Answer 28

Cell division in gametes (sex cells). Creates 4 haploid daughter cells which aren't identical to parents cells.

Question 29

Prophase 1

Answer 29

Chromosomes condense, crossing over can happen, tetrad forms

Question 30

Metaphase 1

Answer 30

Tetrads align at cell equator

Question 31

Anaphase 1

Answer 31

Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles

Question 32

Telophase 1

Answer 32

Homologous chromosomes begin to uncoil, division of cytoplasm occurs

Question 33

Prophase 2

Answer 33

Chromosomes condense and attach to spindle fibres at centromeres

Question 34

Metaphase 2

Answer 34

Chromosomes line up across equator

Question 35

Anaphase 2

Answer 35

Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles

Question 36

Telophase 2

Answer 36

4 haploid daughter cells are produced (gametes)

Question 37

Humans have...

Answer 37

46 chromosomes, 22 pairs are somatic and one pair of sex chromosomes

Question 38

Crossing over

Answer 38

Exchange of genetic material, resulting in rearrangement of genetic material in homologous chromosomes

Question 39

DNA

Answer 39

Deoxyribonucleic acid, consists of 5-carbon sugar, phosphate, 4 kinds of nitrogen bases (purines- adenine and guanine, pyrimidines- cytose and thymine). Stores all cell information and directs cell activity. 5% contains genes and the other 95% is useless.

Question 40

DNA structure

Answer 40

Two chains of sugar- phosphates running parallel, sides of molecules held together by pairs of nitrogen bases (A-T and G-C). Helix is formed when ladder is twisted, letter sequence on one strand determines sequence on adjacent strand.

Question 41

RNA

Answer 41

Carries messages from DNA (nucleus) to the rest of the cell.

Question 42

Autosomes

Answer 42

Non sex chromosomes

Question 43

Homologous chromosomes

Answer 43

Very similar pair but not identical, may contain different alleles

Question 44

Karyotype

Answer 44

The number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei

Question 45

Synapsis

Answer 45

Pairing up of homologous chromosomes in prophase 1

Question 46

Gametogenesis

Answer 46

Production of sex cells

Question 47

Spermatogenesis

Answer 47

Production of sperm cells

Question 48

Oogenesis

Answer 48

Production of egg cells